Russia demands dismissal of Iran’s financial adviser

A constitutionalist uprising began in Rasht, involving Iranian activists and Caucasian fighters. It helped build the northern force that later marched on Tehran, showing that revolutionary...

American teacher Howard Baskerville was killed while fighting with constitutionalists during the siege of Tabriz. His solidarity formed part of resistance to royalist repression in a city soon...

Constitutionalist forces from Gilan and Bakhtiari contingents entered Tehran. Their advance challenged the shah’s rule and resisted outside pressure to halt the march, demonstrating Iranian agency...

Mohammad Ali Shah was deposed and his son Ahmad declared shah after constitutionalists captured Tehran. The former ruler’s refuge in the Russian legation linked the domestic struggle over...

Iran’s Second Majlis convened after the restoration of constitutional government. It renewed parliamentary politics under continuing foreign pressure and later became the arena for opposition to...

Mohammad Khiabani condemned the Russian ultimatum in an emergency Majlis session and defended Iranian sovereignty and self-determination. His speech opposed the cabinet’s willingness to accept foreign...

The cabinet and regent closed Iran’s Second Majlis and accepted Russian demands over financial adviser Morgan Shuster. Domestic executive action under external military pressure curtailed parliament’s...

Russian forces hanged Mirza Ali Theqat al-Islam in Tabriz. A reformist religious leader committed to constitutionalism, he became a victim of the military repression that accompanied Russian...

Russian troops shelled the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad and occupied its courtyard, killing pilgrims and damaging the complex. The attack exposed the violence of foreign intervention against a major...

Iran declared neutrality, but foreign armies operated on its territory. Russian military power remained a constraint on Iranian sovereignty.