Early Jammoul resistance action in Beirut

Israeli forces moved into West Beirut after Gemayel’s assassination, despite the ceasefire framework. Armed resistance to their advance was reported in the Israeli Kahan Commission record. The...

Between 16 and 18 September Lebanese Forces/Phalangist militiamen massacred Palestinian and Lebanese civilians in the Sabra and Shatila area. Israeli forces controlled surrounding areas and...

George Hawi and Mohsen Ibrahim announced a cross-sectarian resistance front against the Israeli occupation. Communist and other secular activists organised underground cells. The front challenged...

UN Security Council Resolution 520 condemned Israeli incursions into Beirut, demanded a return to positions held before 15 September and reaffirmed Lebanese sovereignty. It was an international...

UN observers entering the area found groups of bodies of civilians and reported evidence of a massacre. Their observations became an important contemporaneous record of atrocities and contributed to...

Following widespread criticism, the Israeli government established a commission of inquiry chaired by Yitzhak Kahan. Its findings were issued in February 1983, distinguishing direct militia...

The agreement provided for withdrawal arrangements and bilateral security measures. Lebanese and Syrian opponents argued that the accord compromised sovereignty while Israeli and US officials framed...

Israel began withdrawing from the Shouf area; fighting between Lebanese factions intensified after the pullback. Resistance pressure was one factor in the broader military and political environment,...

The Lebanese cabinet formally cancelled the unratified 1983 agreement, after intense domestic and Syrian opposition. The government called for security arrangements consistent with Lebanese...

Hezbollah publicly articulated its political identity, commitment to confronting Israel and religious-political principles. The manifesto marked the public consolidation of a movement that had emerged...