At its conference of 15-17 December, the ANC adopted a Programme of Action that called for boycotts, strikes and civil disobedience instead of relying primarily on petitions and deputations. Dr J.S. Moroka replaced A.B. Xuma as president-general, while Walter Sisulu became secretary-general. The shift reflected pressure from the Youth League and a broader movement environment shaped by worker action and racial repression; the Defiance Campaign followed in 1952.
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