Women led by Charlotte Maxeke protested attempts to impose passes on African women in the Orange Free State. The protest included the burning of passes and formed part of a wider campaign in which women challenged controls over movement and family life. These actions are important to the ANC’s history because women’s organising developed its own leadership and methods, even when women were excluded from full participation in the Congress itself.
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What does the 1913 pass protest led by women show about resistance?
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Women’s organising was central even while the early Congress restricted their formal membership.
Women were among the leaders of early resistance to pass controls.
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Women, including Charlotte Maxeke, organised and led anti-pass protests.