ANC and South African Communist Party members formed Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), with Mandela as its first commander-in-chief. The turn followed the banning of the ANC, repeated state violence, and the failure of petitions and peaceful protest to halt repression. MK’s founding strategy focused on sabotage of installations and sought to avoid loss of life. The decision emerged from a movement debate and alliance, not from Mandela acting alone.
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Who formed Umkhonto we Sizwe?
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Explanation
MK was formed through ANC and SACP organizing, with Mandela named its first commander.
Umkhonto we Sizwe was formed only by Nelson Mandela acting alone.
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Explanation
It was formed by ANC and SACP members; Mandela became its first commander-in-chief.