Iran and Iraq announce the Algiers settlement

The treaty formalized the 1975 settlement, including a river boundary along the thalweg of the Shatt al-Arab and protocols on land demarcation and frontier security. Iran later treated Iraq’s 1980...

Iran and Iraq exchanged ratifications in Tehran, bringing the treaty and associated protocols into force. The instruments made the negotiated border settlement legally operative before the...

After years of exile in Najaf, Khomeini left Iraq under pressure from the Iraqi government. The move relocated the Iranian opposition leader to France and formed part of the strained relationship...

Khomeini’s return placed him at the center of the revolutionary transition. The new political order that followed disrupted Iran’s regional relationships and heightened Iraqi leaders’ concern about...

The armed forces declared neutrality as the royal government collapsed. The transition weakened and reorganized Iran’s military command while the new republic faced domestic conflict and growing...