Botswana becomes independent

A major rally at Soldier Field advanced the Chicago Freedom Movement’s campaign against residential segregation. Local organizers and SCLC connected housing access with wider urban inequality. Their...

Demonstrators marching through a white neighbourhood encountered racist hostility and attacks; King was struck by a rock. The confrontation exposed the force defending residential segregation in a...

The NFWA and AWOC joined to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The merger consolidated cooperation between predominantly Mexican American and Filipino farmworkers. Their common...

Gurindji workers and their families left Wave Hill cattle station under Vincent Lingiari’s leadership. Their struggle challenged unequal wages and living conditions and developed into a sustained...

South African forces attacked a SWAPO guerrilla camp at Omugulugwombashe. The confrontation became a landmark in Namibia’s armed liberation struggle against South African rule. Political organizing,...

Lesotho became independent after British rule over Basutoland. The new state gained formal political sovereignty while remaining geographically surrounded by apartheid South Africa. This setting...

The programme associated with the party’s founding set out demands for community power, employment, housing, education and an end to police brutality. The archival record dates the programme to 15...

The General Assembly adopted Resolution 2145, terminating South Africa’s mandate and placing the territory under UN responsibility. It affirmed the people’s right to independence and condemned the...

Resolution 232 required states to restrict specified trade with Southern Rhodesia following the white-minority regime’s unilateral declaration. The decision used international economic pressure...

The election broke the white oligarchy’s hold on government and enabled Lynden Pindling’s Progressive Liberal Party to form a government with supporting members. The change followed organizing against...