The Watts uprising exposes unresolved urban inequality

John Lewis and Hosea Williams led marchers out of Selma toward Montgomery. State troopers and local law-enforcement officers attacked them near the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The violence exposed the...

King led demonstrators, including religious supporters who had come to Selma, to the site of the police attack. They prayed and returned rather than continuing to Montgomery amid legal restrictions....

Demonstrators departed Selma under federal protection after earlier attempts had faced repression. Local residents and national supporters sustained a five-day march demanding voting rights. Federal...

The Selma march culminated at Alabama’s capital with a mass rally. Organizers demanded effective political participation for Black citizens rather than acceptance of constitutional promises without...

President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act after sustained organizing against racial disenfranchisement. It supplied federal tools to address discriminatory registration and election...

Filipino farmworkers organized through AWOC walked out against grape growers near Delano, California, demanding better pay and conditions. Their initiative challenged an agricultural labour system...

NFWA members voted to join the strike begun by Filipino workers. Cooperation across communities strengthened pressure on growers who benefited from a divided workforce. The action connected wages,...

Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act, replacing the national-origins quota system that privileged some national populations over others. The reform challenged a major institutional...

The Race Relations Act prohibited racial discrimination in specified public places and established a framework for handling complaints. Campaigning had pressed racial exclusion onto the political...

Ian Smith’s government declared independence from Britain while maintaining white-minority rule in Rhodesia. African liberation movements opposed this attempt to preserve racial political authority....