Federal voting rights expand while racial exclusions remain

The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Malolos with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. The new state embodied a claim to national sovereignty. Its creation should be understood as Filipino...

Fighting between Filipino and United States forces began near Manila. Filipinos resisted the replacement of Spanish colonial rule by American sovereignty. The conflict exposed a contradiction...

Delegates from Africa and the diaspora met in London to discuss racial discrimination and political rights. Henry Sylvester Williams helped organize the gathering. Bringing struggles together across...

Filipino fighters attacked the American garrison at Balangiga during resistance to United States rule. Church bells signaled the action. The attack and the destructive reprisals that followed belong...

Australia enacted the Immigration Restriction Act, a central instrument of the White Australia policy. The dictation test enabled discriminatory exclusion. The event explains an institution later...

Herero people rose against German colonial rule after mounting land loss and abuse. The conflict challenged an order that restricted African freedom and privileged settlers. German authorities...

German commander Lothar von Trotha issued an order targeting the Herero people after their resistance. It directed violence against a population rather than only combatants. This record documents...

Black activists met near Niagara Falls in Canada and rejected accommodation to racial inequality. They demanded voting rights, equal treatment, and educational opportunity. Their position challenged...

Colonial forces defeated participants in Bambatha’s rebellion at Mome Gorge. Resistance had challenged a poll tax and wider colonial burdens. Bambatha was reported killed, although later accounts...

Four Egyptian villagers were executed and others publicly punished after a confrontation involving British officers. The proceedings and punishments provoked criticism of the occupation. Denshawai...