Homer Plessy tests a segregation law

The battle at Batoche began as Canadian forces advanced against the Métis provisional government. Métis resistance defended land, political voice, and community survival against settler expansion. The...

Canadian forces captured Batoche after Métis defenders ran short of ammunition. The defeat broke the provisional government’s military resistance, but did not erase Métis demands concerning land and...

Louis Riel was hanged for treason after the North-West Resistance. His leadership centered Métis land and political rights. The execution shows how the settler state criminalized resistance to its...

Brazil’s Golden Law abolished slavery after sustained abolitionist action and enslaved people’s resistance. It offered no comprehensive redistribution of land or compensation to formerly enslaved...

US soldiers killed Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee during an effort to disarm a group led by Spotted Elk. The massacre occurred amid suppression of the Ghost Dance and confinement on...

José Rizal founded La Liga Filipina in Manila. The association sought solidarity, education, economic cooperation, and protection against injustice. Its program linked collective improvement to...

Andrés Bonifacio and colleagues established a secret organization seeking independence from Spain. Organizing clandestinely offered a response to colonial repression of open reform. The movement’s...

Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia addressed the Kotahitanga parliament and requested voting and representative rights for women. Her intervention linked Māori self-government with women’s authority, including...

The Natal Indian Congress was established to oppose discriminatory treatment, especially restrictions affecting Indian traders and political rights. Its initial social base was limited, and Indian...

Ethiopian forces led by Menelik II, Taytu Betul, and other commanders defeated an Italian invading army at Adwa. The victory protected Ethiopia’s independence and became a powerful reference for...