The Nez Perce flight ends at Bear Paw

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified, providing birthright citizenship, due process, and equal protection. It challenged a racial citizenship order associated with slavery. Indigenous people under...

The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified, forbidding denial of voting rights on grounds of race, color, or previous enslavement. It did not enfranchise women or prevent all forms of suppression. Black...

Hiram Revels took his Senate seat representing Mississippi. His presence embodied the political opening created by emancipation and Reconstruction. It also challenged claims that Black people were...

The Free Womb Law declared children born to enslaved women legally free, while allowing arrangements that kept their labor under others’ control for years. The reform demonstrates why abolition must...

Spanish authorities executed three Filipino priests accused of involvement in the Cavite mutiny. Their treatment became a symbol of injustice within colonial rule and the church. The memory of...

Zulu fighters defeated a British force at Isandlwana during the invasion of the Zulu kingdom. The victory demonstrated organized African resistance and challenged claims of inevitable European...

A federal judge ruled that Standing Bear and his companions were persons entitled to seek habeas corpus. Their challenge arose after forced removal of the Ponca. Recognition protected freedom from...

Armed colonial forces invaded Parihaka, arrested its leaders, and dispersed residents. Te Whiti and Tohu’s community had practiced nonviolent resistance to land confiscation. The invasion shows that...

The battle at Batoche began as Canadian forces advanced against the Métis provisional government. Métis resistance defended land, political voice, and community survival against settler expansion. The...

Canadian forces captured Batoche after Métis defenders ran short of ammunition. The defeat broke the provisional government’s military resistance, but did not erase Métis demands concerning land and...