A second trial convicts Myall Creek perpetrators

African Muslims, including enslaved and free people, organized an uprising in Salvador. Religious networks and literacy supported their mobilization. Its suppression intensified controls over...

Northern Māori rangatira signed He Whakaputanga, asserting independent authority and collective government. It provides a record of Indigenous political agency before the Treaty of Waitangi. The...

Armed men killed at least twenty-eight Wirrayaraay people, many of them women and children, at Myall Creek. The massacre reveals the violence of settler expansion. The later prosecution was unusual,...

The compulsory apprenticeship system ended early following resistance, criticism, and political pressure. Ending it removed a major restriction on formerly enslaved people’s work. Plantation power...

Frederick Douglass escaped from Maryland with assistance from Anna Murray. His pursuit of freedom preceded his public career as an abolitionist. Escape networks, personal risk, and community support...

Seven men convicted of killing Wirrayaraay people at Myall Creek were hanged. The rare punishment shows a limited breach in the tolerance of colonial violence. It did not end dispossession or the...

Māori leaders signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi alongside Crown representatives. The Māori and English texts differed in important understandings of authority. Later struggles drew on promises of protection...

The United States Supreme Court recognized the freedom of Africans who had been illegally transported and had resisted aboard the Amistad. Their own revolt and testimony were essential to the case....

A confrontation followed settlers’ attempts to assert control over disputed land at Wairau. Ngāti Toa leaders contested the claimed sale. The deaths and subsequent controversy showed that settler...

Te Haratua and other Ngāpuhi cut down the flagstaff that symbolized British authority. Hōne Heke’s movement protested the Crown’s growing power and threats to chiefly autonomy. Symbolic action against...