Germantown petition rejects racial enslavement

Antonio de Montesinos condemned colonists’ exploitation of Indigenous people in a sermon in Hispaniola. This challenged religious excuses for domination, but Indigenous voices were not given control...

An alliance of Pueblo communities attacked Spanish colonial authorities after repression of their religious practices and labor exploitation. The revolt drove Spanish colonists from New Mexico for...

Zumbi, a leader of the Palmares communities formed by people escaping slavery, was killed by colonial forces. Palmares challenged the plantation system by maintaining settlements outside enslavers’...

Enslaved Africans seized the fort at Coral Bay and began a revolt against Danish plantation rule. Collective planning and knowledge of military organization helped sustain resistance. The uprising...

Enslaved people took up arms near the Stono River and moved toward Spanish Florida, where some escapees could obtain freedom. Colonial forces crushed the rebellion. It demonstrated collective...

After sustained resistance by people who had escaped slavery, Dutch colonial authorities concluded a treaty with the Ndyuka. It recognized their freedom and autonomy, but also required the return of...

Saamaka leaders concluded a peace treaty with the Dutch after decades of resistance. Recognition of their communities’ freedom did not abolish slavery elsewhere in Suriname; provisions concerning...