The study challenges a writing-only definition of science

Astronomers calculated months, seasons, conjunctions and eclipses for ritual and civil use.

Ephemerides turn theoretical models into repeatable predictions that can guide observation and calendrical decisions.

The paper documents sky knowledge maintained through oral tradition, ceremony, art and practice.

Some Aboriginal traditions identify forms in the dark lanes of the Milky Way rather than only connecting bright stars.

Rising stars, lunar phases and other observations help time ecological and community activities.

The authors compare written colonial sources, oral traditions and astronomical calculations to identify observational knowledge.

Accounts may preserve unexpected celestial events as well as repeating lunar, solar and seasonal cycles.

Stars and their rising or setting positions can mark directions, travel routes and seasonal change.

Researchers need to respect community authority, restricted knowledge and the harms created when outsiders extract cultural information.

The observatory logged a millionth science exposure while searching for water in an exoplanet atmosphere.