Britain persecutes Turing for homosexuality

Japanese invasion, migration, overseas appointments and the founding of the People's Republic changed where and how he worked.

He promoted optimization and operational research in factories and agriculture, connecting advanced mathematics with mass development programs.

Turing became a founder of theoretical computer science and made influential contributions to logic, cryptanalysis and artificial intelligence.

His abstract device clarified what it means for a procedure to be mechanically calculable.

At Bletchley Park, Turing and a large team used logic, statistics, engineering and intercepted communications against Nazi Germany.

Itô created stochastic calculus, a mathematical framework for systems influenced by continuous random change.

The theory made it possible to calculate with processes whose paths are too irregular for ordinary calculus.

The result connects functions of stochastic processes to differential equations and now underpins work in physics, biology and finance.

Itô produced foundational work while probability struggled for status and Japan experienced severe wartime disruption.

The election recognized his investigations in elliptic functions and number theory, making him one of the youngest Fellows.