Decolonial history asks who defines mathematics

Geometric problems were painted on tablets and offered at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.

The paper reconstructs the problem through Japanese symbolic methods rather than translating it immediately into modern notation.

Sangaku culture involved teachers, students, local communities and sacred sites during the Edo period.

Zulumathabo Zulu challenges the colonial myth that African communities lacked mathematics before European rule.

The lecture invites audiences to recognize mathematical reasoning within language, architecture, pattern and social practice.

It provides an exact modern anchor for discussion of much older Basotho intellectual traditions.

The article uses the 2017 total solar eclipse to show how orbital models, geometry and precise timekeeping predict a moving shadow.

Babylonian, Chinese, Indian, Islamic and European observers developed records and methods later joined to modern celestial mechanics.

Small uncertainties in the Moon's orbit, Earth's rotation and observer location affect the calculated path of totality.

The publication date anchors a story whose mathematical sources extend far beyond one nation or period.