Muharram processions carry anti-dictatorship slogans

Clerics, students and bazaar networks circulated accounts of the attack beyond Qom despite censorship.

In a major statement, he accused the state of serving American and Israeli interests and pledged continued resistance.

Commemoration transformed grief into renewed organization, a pattern that would become central during the revolutionary cycle of 1978.

He compared the Shah’s rule with the tyranny of Yazid and warned that the people would one day celebrate the monarch’s departure.

Khomeini linked the monarchy to American and Israeli influence, presenting political resistance as both national and religious duty.

Commandos seized Khomeini in Qom and transferred him to prison in Tehran after his Ashura speech.

News of Khomeini’s arrest triggered mass protests in Tehran, Qom, Varamin, Shiraz and other locations.

Merchants, workers and religious networks closed shops and joined demonstrations, showing the political power of bazaar-mosque organization.

The army and police used lethal force. Casualty estimates remain disputed, but the repression became a foundational memory for supporters of the revolution.

Villagers and religious supporters from Varamin moved toward the capital and were confronted by security forces.