Khomeini delivers the Ashura speech at Feyziyeh

Government agents and security forces assaulted students and clerics at the seminary in Qom, killing and injuring an uncertain number.

Supporters remembered the assault as proof that the monarchy would use violence against independent religious institutions.

Clerics, students and bazaar networks circulated accounts of the attack beyond Qom despite censorship.

In a major statement, he accused the state of serving American and Israeli interests and pledged continued resistance.

Commemoration transformed grief into renewed organization, a pattern that would become central during the revolutionary cycle of 1978.

Khomeini linked the monarchy to American and Israeli influence, presenting political resistance as both national and religious duty.

Large demonstrations used Shi‘i symbols of sacrifice and resistance to express opposition to the Shah.

Commandos seized Khomeini in Qom and transferred him to prison in Tehran after his Ashura speech.

News of Khomeini’s arrest triggered mass protests in Tehran, Qom, Varamin, Shiraz and other locations.

Merchants, workers and religious networks closed shops and joined demonstrations, showing the political power of bazaar-mosque organization.