Ciskei forces carry out the Bisho Massacre

Rallies and work stoppages demanded an interim government and an elected constituent assembly.

Attackers killed more than forty residents of Boipatong. Survivors and the ANC alleged complicity or failure by state security forces.

Mandela withdrew from formal talks, demanding action against violence and evidence of state involvement.

The Tripartite Alliance used mass action to demand an interim government, majority rule and effective measures against political violence.

The meeting sought a way out of the post-Boipatong deadlock and prepared the ground for renewed constitutional negotiations.

At a peace summit, the leaders reopened the path to constitutional talks after Boipatong and Bisho.

The agreement addressed political prisoners, hostels, dangerous weapons, an elected constituent assembly and mechanisms to overcome deadlock.

Investigators seized plans from a secret operation linked to destabilizing the ANC, strengthening concerns about a state-sponsored third force.

The releases implemented a key provision of the Record of Understanding and removed an obstacle to renewed talks.

The parties discussed security, a Government of National Unity, media reform and incorporation of the nominally independent homelands.