Gandhi leads the Great March across the Transvaal border

The Umlazi arrived with the final group of indentured Indian workers, ending more than fifty years of officially sponsored Indian indenture in Natal.

Delegates met in Bloemfontein to create a national African organization against racial discrimination and political exclusion. The SANNC was renamed the African National Congress in 1923.

Gokhale arrived at Gandhi's invitation and met South African ministers about discriminatory laws affecting Indian residents. Government promises made during the visit were not fully kept.

The Union government enacted a literacy test and broad exclusion powers that particularly restricted Asian immigration. Indian communities organized against this racial legislation.

The law confined African land purchase and tenancy to designated reserves comprising about seven percent of the country. It accelerated dispossession, labour coercion and rural poverty.

The act recognized Indian marriages and abolished the three-pound tax on former indentured workers. Other racial restrictions remained, but the settlement ended the mass satyagraha campaign.

The troopship sank after a collision, killing more than 600 members of the South African Native Labour Contingent and crew. Black servicemen had been recruited for wartime labour while denied equal...

Under Charlotte Maxeke's leadership, African women began organized passive resistance against the extension of pass controls to women in the Orange Free State.

Clements Kadalie helped establish a dockworkers' union in Cape Town that grew into a mass organization of Black and Coloured workers and rural tenants during the 1920s.

Tens of thousands of African mineworkers struck over wages and working conditions. Police repression and the compound system helped employers break the action.