Gandhi is expelled from a first-class railway carriage

Cetshwayo was captured in the Ngome forest after the defeat of the Zulu Kingdom. Colonial authorities imprisoned and exiled him.

British authorities divided Zululand among appointed chiefs, weakening central authority and encouraging civil conflict.

After a combined British and allied assault on the Pedi stronghold, Sekhukhune surrendered and was imprisoned. His defeat ended a major centre of African resistance to settler and imperial expansion.

Sekhukhune was killed by supporters of his rival Mampuru after his release from prison. His death occurred amid colonial intervention and internal conflict created by the struggle over Pedi...

Cetshwayo died after returning to a fragmented Zululand. His final years were shaped by British intervention and civil war following the destruction of Zulu sovereignty.

The Cape Parliament enacted the Glen Grey Act, limiting African landholding and using taxation to push African men into wage labour. The law foreshadowed later national segregation.

Gandhi and Indian merchants formed the Natal Indian Congress to oppose racial discrimination and organize political representation for the Indian community.

War began between the British Empire and the Boer republics. African communities were drawn into the conflict as combatants, labourers and victims, while British concentration camps imprisoned Black...

Britain and the Boer republics ended the war without granting political rights to the Black majority. The settlement laid foundations for white reconciliation and the segregated Union of South Africa.

The newspaper Indian Opinion began publication in Durban and became an important platform against discriminatory laws and for political organization among Indian South Africans.