Indian and Javanese contract workers stopped work over low pay and labor conditions at the Netherlands Trading Society estate. Their protest challenged a labor regime that replaced slavery with...
After weeks of protest, workers confronted estate management and director James Mavor was killed. Colonial records framed the event as disorder; it arose in a plantation labor system dependent on...
Colonial forces opened fire after workers marched to the estate office; many workers were killed and wounded. This violence exposed how the post-emancipation plantation economy enforced labor...
