📅 26 February 1834
The agreement between French General Desmichels and Emir Abd al-Qadir recognised the Emir's political authority in parts of western Algeria and established a negotiated pause in fighting. Abd al-Qadir...
📅 30 May 1837
General Bugeaud and Emir Abd al-Qadir signed the Treaty of Tafna, which recognised the Emir's authority over extensive parts of Algeria while French forces retained key coastal positions. The treaty...
📅 18 October 1839
French troops crossed the Iron Gates in the Bibans, a passage through territory claimed by Abd al-Qadir under the Treaty of Tafna. The operation aimed to connect French-held Algiers and Constantine,...
📅 16 May 1843
The French cavalry force led by the Duke of Aumale attacked and captured the Smala, the large mobile encampment associated with Abd al-Qadir's government. The camp included families, officials,...
📅 23 December 1847
Emir Abd al-Qadir surrendered to French forces on 23 December 1847 after receiving assurances that he could travel to the Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire. French authorities instead transported him...
