Soldiers mutinied and joined workers as the uprising spread. Delegates formed the Petrograd Soviet while members of the Duma established a committee to manage state affairs. Competing centers of...
Armed demonstrations by workers and soldiers in Petrograd demanded that the soviets take power. The Bolshevik leadership did not consider an insurrection ready, and the demonstrations were...
Mass strikes, demonstrations led in large part by women workers, and soldiers’ mutinies forced Nicholas II to abdicate. The revolution opened a period of dual power between the Provisional...
Workers and soldiers demonstrated amid war, shortages, and political crisis. The Bolshevik leadership tried to shape but did not initiate all the actions; after the protests were suppressed, Lenin...
The Military Revolutionary Committee and armed workers and soldiers occupied key sites and displaced the Provisional Government during the Second Congress of Soviets. This event, called the October...
In letters written before returning to Russia, Lenin argued that soviets and the Provisional Government represented competing centers of authority. His analysis helped frame Bolshevik debate, but...
Trotsky returned to a city shaped by workers’, soldiers’, and sailors’ soviets and a Provisional Government that continued the war. He entered a political field transformed by mass action and the...
As Bolshevik influence grew among workers and the garrison, the Soviet elected Trotsky chairman. The institution’s strength reflected delegates’ response to demands for peace, land, and bread, not...
The Military Revolutionary Committee occupied key points and overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd. Trotsky was central to the operation, while the transfer of power was contested across...
After armed demonstrations by workers and soldiers, the Provisional Government arrested Trotsky and other Bolsheviks. He defended the demonstrators against charges of German conspiracy, while...
