📅 1 Oktober 1984
Following the 1984 decision, state firms gained greater discretion over output, investment, hiring and retained profits, while remaining publicly owned. The move sought productivity and fiscal...
📅 1 September 1985
Urban reforms increasingly linked pay and staffing to enterprise performance, replacing parts of the job assignment system with contracts and bonuses. They aimed to improve incentives but began to...
📅 1 December 1986
Contract labor expanded for newly hired workers, while many incumbent employees retained permanent status. The dual arrangement allowed enterprises to test flexible hiring without confronting the...
📅 1 Januari 1987
Contract responsibility arrangements spread in state industry, allowing firms to retain earnings after remitting agreed revenue to the state. This was an incremental way to grant autonomy without...
📅 12 April 1988
The Law on Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People defined state enterprises as independent economic entities with operational autonomy and responsibility for profits and losses. It marked...
📅 1 Juli 1995
The corporate framework became operational, supporting limited-liability and shareholding structures. State firms became more market-facing without ending public ownership; restructuring could also...
📅 5 Maart 1998
The government set a three-year goal to improve large and medium SOEs and reduce losses through restructuring and support. The policy addressed chronic inefficiency but distributed adjustment...
📅 27 September 1965
The September plenum approved reforms that gave enterprises greater discretion over some production decisions and used profit and sales indicators. The changes sought to address planning bottlenecks...
