Historical Organization
Inc.
Inc.
Also known as: MMI
Details
Organization Timeline
Malcolm announces Muslim Mosque, Inc.
📅 12 March 1964Malcolm announced Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), an independent religious organization that allowed him to pursue Sunni Islam and community work beyond Nation of Islam authority. He separated religious...
Malcolm delivers The Ballot or the Bullet in Cleveland
📅 3 April 1964In this speech, Malcolm connected voting rights to Black political power and self-defense. He argued that people denied meaningful political representation should not be told to wait patiently while...
Malcolm delivers The Black Revolution at a New York forum
📅 8 April 1964In this address, Malcolm argued that colonial strategies of divide-and-rule were being reproduced within the United States and that civil-rights legislation alone could not resolve the racial...
Malcolm presents the Detroit version of The Ballot or the Bullet
📅 12 April 1964Malcolm delivered a second version of The Ballot or the Bullet at King Solomon Baptist Church in Detroit. He connected electoral participation to independent Black political power and warned that...
Malcolm begins his hajj and first major post-NOI international journey
📅 13 April 1964Malcolm left New York for the Middle East and Africa, beginning the journey that included the hajj in Mecca and visits to African and Arab societies. Travel, religious study, and encounters with...
Malcolm writes from Mecca about a changing view of race
📅 20 April 1964In a letter from Jeddah during his pilgrimage, Malcolm described worship alongside Muslims of many racial backgrounds and said the experience challenged his belief that interracial brotherhood could...
Malcolm encounters Cassius Clay in Accra
📅 17 May 1964Malcolm encountered boxer Cassius Clay at a hotel in Accra during the African tour. Their earlier Miami visit had taken place in January; by May, Clay had joined the Nation of Islam and taken the name...
Malcolm returns from his first major international pilgrimage and tour
📅 21 May 1964Malcolm returned to the United States after travel in the Middle East and Africa, including the Hajj. He began describing racial oppression in the United States as a human-rights issue that should...
Malcolm speaks on Philadelphia radio about his break with the Nation of Islam
📅 4 June 1964On WDAS in Philadelphia, Malcolm discussed his departure from the Nation of Islam and the political work he was building through Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity....
Malcolm addresses an MMI rally amid escalating conflict with the NOI
📅 7 June 1964At a Muslim Mosque, Inc. rally in Harlem, Malcolm publicly accused Elijah Muhammad of sexual misconduct with former secretaries. The allegations were Malcolm’s claims, reported in government records...
Mike Wallace interviews Malcolm about the Nation of Islam and Black liberation
📅 8 June 1964In a CBS interview with Mike Wallace, Malcolm discussed his separation from the Nation of Islam and the broader movements challenging racism. He used the television encounter to explain political...
Malcolm testifies in the Nation of Islam eviction case
📅 15 June 1964Malcolm gave testimony in Queens County Civil Court as the Nation of Islam sought possession of his family’s home. The case unfolded over June 15 and 16 amid threats against him; a judge reserved...
Malcolm previews a new organization at an MMI rally
📅 21 June 1964At a Muslim Mosque, Inc. rally, Malcolm described plans for a new political group that would move the struggle from civil rights toward human rights. This preview shows that the OAAU emerged from...
Malcolm frames civil rights as a human-rights struggle on radio
📅 25 June 1964On Bob Kennedy's Contact radio program, Malcolm described the Black freedom struggle as a human-rights struggle and defended the right to intelligent, just, and legal action against oppression....
Malcolm publishes an open letter urging an end to hostilities
📅 26 June 1964The New York Post published Malcolm’s open letter to Elijah Muhammad, in which Malcolm called for hostilities to stop and expressed willingness to return to the Nation of Islam if it was safe. The...
Malcolm launches the Organization of Afro-American Unity
📅 28 June 1964At a Harlem rally, Malcolm announced the OAAU, a secular organization modeled on the Organization of African Unity. It aimed to unite people of African descent across the Western Hemisphere and...
Malcolm reports a possible assault outside his Queens home
📅 3 July 1964A research chronology based on law-enforcement records says Malcolm reported a possible assault by two men outside his home to police. Because the available account is a dated chronology rather than...
Malcolm reports another attempt on his life to New York police
📅 7 July 1964A research chronology records that Malcolm reported an attempt on his life to police on this date. The chronology draws on surveillance-era records and does not independently identify an attacker....
Malcolm addresses Cairo’s Young Men’s Muslim Association
📅 21 July 1964During his second international journey, Malcolm spoke to the Young Men’s Muslim Association in Cairo. Surviving silent newsreel footage, later contextualized by researcher Paul Lee, preserves his...
Malcolm attends the second African Summit Conference in Cairo
📅 21 August 1964Malcolm’s extended 1964 travels brought him back into contact with African leaders and diplomats gathered in Cairo. FBI files place him at the second African Summit Conference on this date. The...
Federal officials raise a possible foreign-agent registration requirement
📅 28 September 1964Justice Department officials told the FBI that Muslim Mosque, Inc. might have to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act if it received funds from Arab or African governments. The record...
Malcolm leaves Conakry near the end of his Africa tour
📅 13 November 1964After months of travel across Africa and the Middle East, Malcolm left Conakry, Guinea, as he began the return leg of his journey. His travels involved meetings with heads of state, students, Muslim...
Malcolm returns to New York after four months abroad
📅 24 November 1964Malcolm returned to New York after an extended tour of Africa and the Middle East, welcomed by members of Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He brought back...
Malcolm returns to the Audubon Ballroom after the firebombing
📅 15 February 1965At an OAAU rally three days after his home was firebombed, Malcolm returned to the Audubon Ballroom and spoke about the danger facing his family and organization. The meeting showed that threats had...