The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij was established to stimulate trade and shipping, later becoming a major conduit for colonial products. Its growth connected Dutch finance and industry to...
On 2 July 1902, workers at Mariënburg were in open conflict with management over low pay and demanding work. Earlier disputes included reduced payment per work task and an unresolved demand for higher...
On 29 July 1902, Mariënburg director James Mavor was killed during the escalating labor conflict. The uprising followed months of wage reductions, heavy work, and disputes over task rates. Mavor’s...
