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The January uprising begins in Berlin
đź“… 5 Januari 1919A protest against the dismissal of police president Emil Eichhorn escalates into an armed uprising involving workers, USPD supporters and KPD members. Luxemburg had not authored a plan for the action;...
Weimar Constitution is signed
đź“… 11 Augustus 1919President Friedrich Ebert signed a constitution establishing a parliamentary republic and fundamental rights, including equality before the law and freedom of religion. Jewish citizens participated in...
Dawes Plan restructures German reparations after Ruhr occupation
📅 16 Augustus 1924The London agreements put the Dawes Plan into effect, rescheduling Germany’s reparations and arranging international loans. It eased the crisis following French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, but...
Hitler is appointed chancellor
đź“… 30 Januari 1933President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor after conservative elites brokered a political deal. The appointment did not result from a majority vote for the Nazi Party, but gave it...
Civil Service Law removes Jews and political opponents
đź“… 7 April 1933The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service enabled the dismissal of Jewish civil servants and people labeled politically unreliable, with limited exceptions that were later...
Nazi state adopts hereditary-health sterilization law
đź“… 14 Juli 1933The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring created hereditary health courts that ordered forced sterilization. This coercive eugenic program targeted disabled people and others...
Nazi regime imposes collective fine after Kristallnacht
📅 12 November 1938The German government imposed a one-billion-Reichsmark fine on German Jews and ordered the “Aryanization” of Jewish businesses. Perpetrators turned mob violence into state-enforced economic...
Göring authorizes Heydrich to coordinate a Europe-wide “solution”
📅 31 Juli 1941Hermann Göring authorized Reinhard Heydrich to prepare a plan for a “total solution” to the so-called Jewish question in German-controlled Europe. The document records bureaucratic coordination at a...
German Foundation for forced-labor compensation is established
đź“… 17 Juli 2000Germany and participating companies established the Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future to provide compensation to survivors of Nazi forced labor and other victims of National...