Historische Organisatie
International group
International group
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Tijdlijn van de Organisatie
Luxemburg writes the Junius pamphlet
đź“… 1915Writing under the name Junius, she condemns the war and the nationalist turn of social democracy. Her warning that the choice was between socialism and barbarism made the devastation of imperialist...
The International group forms
đź“… 1915Luxemburg joins Karl Liebknecht, Clara Zetkin and Franz Mehring in an organized anti-war current, initially operating within the SPD. Its members distribute illegal material and call for international...
Luxemburg writes The Crisis of Social Democracy in prison
📅 April 1915The manuscript later known as the Junius Pamphlet analyzes the war as a crisis of international social democracy. It condemns the collapse of workers’ internationalism but has itself been criticized...
Luxemburg dates the introduction to the Junius Pamphlet
📅 2 Januari 1916The preface explains the purpose of the pamphlet and its criticism of social democracy’s support for the war. It frames the catastrophe as political and international, not simply a military conflict...
The Junius Pamphlet is published under a pseudonym
📅 April 1916Printed in Switzerland as The Crisis of Social Democracy, the work circulates despite wartime censorship. The pseudonym “Junius” protects its author while placing the pamphlet in an international...
Lenin publishes a response to the Junius Pamphlet
📅 Juli 1916Lenin welcomes the pamphlet’s anti-war force but criticizes its analysis of national liberation and some political conclusions. The exchange demonstrates that opposition to imperialist war did not...