Threatened with arrest for underground political activity, Luxemburg leaves Poland and reaches Zurich. Migration gives her access to higher education and international networks denied to most women in...
At the University of Zurich, one of the few European institutions then open to women on comparatively equal terms, she studies across natural sciences, mathematics and political economy before...
Her dissertation studies Poland’s integration into the Russian imperial economy. She uses economic analysis to argue against the independence slogan, a position influential in Marxist debates but...
