Historische Organisatie
German occupation authorities
German occupation authorities
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Tijdlijn van de Organisatie
February Strike protests persecution of Jews
📅 25 Februari 1941After German authorities arrested Jewish men in Amsterdam, Dutch workers launched a strike that spread to other cities. It was a rare public protest against anti-Jewish persecution under occupation;...
Massacre of Kyiv Jews begins at Babyn Yar
📅 29 September 1941German SS and police units and auxiliaries murdered tens of thousands of Jews over two days at Babyn Yar. Further victims included Roma, Soviet prisoners of war, and others. Later Soviet memorial...
A Romani man warns people in Niš of an impending arrest raid
📅 20 Oktober 1941During a German raid in Niš, a Romani man forced to relay police orders warned Roma in Romanes that they were about to be arrested. Some people were able to flee. The episode, recorded in the European...
Łódź Roma camp is liquidated and its prisoners are murdered at Chełmno
📅 5 Januari 1942The Roma camp in the Łódź ghetto was liquidated during 5–12 January 1942. More than 600 Roma had already died from disease and deprivation in the ghetto; surviving prisoners were taken to Chełmno...
Vichy authorities announce yellow-star order for Jews in occupied zone
📅 29 Mei 1942A German ordinance required Jews aged six and older in the occupied zone to wear a yellow star beginning June 7. It marked Jewish people for public humiliation and facilitated exclusion and...
French police begin Vel d’Hiv roundup
📅 16 Juli 1942French police arrested thousands of Jews in Paris and surrounding areas during the two-day roundup of July 16–17. Many families were detained at the Vélodrome d’Hiver before transfer to Drancy and...
Mass arrests target remaining Jews in Oslo
📅 25 November 1942Norwegian police arrested Jewish women and children in Oslo and other locations; most were deported aboard the ship Donau on November 26. The operation exposed how local state institutions facilitated...
Roma prisoners from Lety are deported to Auschwitz
📅 4 Mei 1943Roma prisoners from the Lety camp were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The transfer followed a system of registration, forced labor, confinement, and lethal conditions in the Czech Protectorate;...
Transport Z deported Roma and Sinti from northern France to Auschwitz
📅 15 Januari 1944A transport carrying 351 Roma and Sinti arrested in northern France arrived at Auschwitz. The region was under German military administration linked to Belgium, and the deportation route reflected...
German authorities deport 352 Roma from Belgium on Transport Z
📅 15 Januari 1944German authorities deported 352 Roma arrested in Belgium from the Dossin barracks in Mechelen to Auschwitz-Birkenau on Transport Z, alongside the 23rd Jewish transport. Only 33 Roma from the...
Transport of 245 Sinti and Roma leaves Westerbork for Auschwitz
📅 19 Mei 1944Three days after the nationwide roundup, 245 Sinti and Roma were deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Only about 30 returned, according to the Netherlands Institute for War, Holocaust and...
Deportation of Rhodes Jews begins
📅 23 Juli 1944German authorities began deporting the Jewish community of Rhodes; about 1,600 Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The island had come under German control after Italy’s 1943 surrender, extending...