Eight states signed the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty in Manila. Its protocol designated Cambodia, Laos, and the “free territory” under the State of Vietnam for treaty protections,...
UNHCR reporting later recorded nearly 60,000 Vietnamese boat refugees arriving during May 1979. Many fled in dangerous vessels; ethnic Chinese in Vietnam were among those pushed to leave amid state...
The crisis exposed the vulnerability of developing economies to volatile capital flows and external financial pressures. It echoed NAM’s older demand for a fairer economic system, now under conditions...
