Iran and Russia participated in the first summit of the five Caspian littoral states in Ashgabat, pursuing a negotiated regional framework as disputes over the sea’s status continued.
Vladimir Putin visited Tehran for the second Caspian summit, discussing regional security and the sea’s legal framework alongside Iran and the other littoral states.
Iran and Russia joined the fourth Caspian summit in Astrakhan, pursuing agreements on practical regional cooperation while negotiations on the sea’s overall legal status continued.
