Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes

The British-Indian garrison surrendered to Ottoman forces after hunger and disease made further resistance impossible. About 13,000 men entered captivity; many died from illness, malnutrition, and...

Britain and France secretly agreed to divide much of the Ottoman Arab lands into zones of control and influence, with Russian assent. The plan contradicted the spirit of promises made to Arab...

Sharif Hussein’s forces began the Arab Revolt with British support. Arab leaders sought independence, while British and French officials made overlapping and contradictory wartime commitments,...

India’s contribution of soldiers, labor, funds, and supplies intensified calls for political change. British wartime promises of gradual self-government were met with limited reforms and continued...

The first contingent of Chinese recruits sailed from Weihaiwei to work for Britain’s war effort. Labourers built roads and railways, unloaded supplies, repaired facilities, and later cleared...

A German submarine torpedoed the French transport Athos while it carried Chinese laborers and Senegalese soldiers toward the European war. At least 543 Chinese laborers died, alongside Senegalese...

Following strikes, food protests, and the mutiny of soldiers in Petrograd, Nicholas II abdicated. The collapse of the monarchy was driven by long-standing autocratic rule and social inequality as well...

The U.S. Congress declared war after submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram crisis. U.S. entry altered the balance of resources and reinforced the Allied victory, while President Wilson...

The first British-recruited Chinese laborers reached Plymouth after a dangerous journey across the Pacific and Canada. Their arrival marked a largely hidden contribution to Allied logistics. Workers...

China entered the war after years of pressure and in hopes of recovering German-held Shandong and strengthening its standing in the postwar settlement. Chinese leaders also sought to end unequal...