Treaty of Versailles enters into force and brings the League of Nations into being

The Brussels General Act created measures for suppressing African slave trading, including controls on arms and movement in designated regions. It was shaped by African resistance and anti-slavery...

Organized by Trinidadian lawyer Henry Sylvester Williams, this meeting brought activists from Africa, the Caribbean, Britain, and the United States into a shared political forum. It challenged...

The congress debated racial equality and imperial power in an era when colonial rule was presented as a civilizing mission. Du Bois and other Black intellectuals used the international meeting to...

Held during the Paris Peace Conference, the congress demanded that Africans and people of African descent have a say in the postwar order. Its delegates linked colonial self-government and racial...

The ILO constitution made labor conditions an international concern in the postwar order. Its early framework coexisted with colonial forced labor and unequal representation; workers and...

At its 1920 convention in New York, the UNIA adopted a declaration asserting political, civil, and economic rights for Black people worldwide. Its mass membership connected Caribbean migrants, African...

The convention committed states to suppress slavery and the slave trade and defined slavery in international law. Its adoption marked a major diplomatic recognition, but colonial forced labor and...

Convention No. 29 required ratifying states to suppress forced or compulsory labor, but permitted exceptions including some colonial public works. The colonial exception exposes how international...

Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia provoked condemnation and solidarity across Africa and the diaspora. The attack on one of the few African states then retaining sovereignty exposed the limits of the...

The Manchester congress brought trade unionists, students, and political organizers into a program demanding African self-government and an end to colonial exploitation. Women organizers and delegates...