Kwame Nkrumah dies in exile

Mauritius became independent from Britain. The new state entered a continent-wide political landscape where sovereignty, labor rights and economic dependence remained intertwined; its multiethnic...

Swaziland, now Eswatini, became independent from Britain. Independence enlarged the sovereign African community, although monarchy, land and labor systems inherited from colonial rule remained central...

Equatorial Guinea became independent from Spain. Its transition expanded African self-rule beyond former British and French colonies and made visible the varied colonial languages and political...

At the close of the East and Central African summit in Lusaka, leaders issued the Manifesto on Southern Africa. It condemned racial domination and affirmed self-determination, while proposing dialogue...

The OAU adopted a regional convention addressing the specific causes and consequences of refugee displacement in Africa, including colonialism, racial conflict and liberation struggles. It asserted...

On the OAU’s tenth anniversary, heads of state endorsed an African declaration on cooperation, development and economic independence. It linked political liberation to collective economic...

A military revolt in Portugal overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo government. The regime change accelerated negotiations to end Portuguese rule in Africa, after long armed struggles by Angolan,...

The congress convenes in Tanzania, reconnecting formal Pan-African congresses with liberation struggles and debates over political economy. It included organizations and activists from Africa and...

Mozambique became independent after FRELIMO’s armed struggle and negotiations following the 1974 Portuguese revolution. Independence was a major liberation victory, but conflict, settler flight and...

Cabo Verde became independent from Portugal. The achievement reflected anticolonial organizing linked to Guinea-Bissau and demonstrated the transnational character of liberation movements across...