Third Pan-African Congress opens in London

African leaders establish the South African Native National Congress, later renamed the African National Congress. It sought to contest racial exclusion through political organization and petitioning;...

Marcus Garvey organizes the UNIA in Jamaica, building a mass movement around Black dignity, self-help, African redemption and diaspora connection. Its pan-African vision attracted working people...

W. E. B. Du Bois and other activists convene a congress during the Paris Peace Conference. Delegates raised colonial labor, land and political rights before imperial powers and the new League of...

The UNIA’s convention in New York draws a large international gathering and stages a public assertion of Black political presence. Its Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World and...

The second congress begins a series of meetings in London, Brussels and Paris. It develops demands for African representation, labor protections and an end to colonial exploitation, while the format...

The fourth congress meets in New York and includes delegates from Africa, Europe, the Caribbean and the United States. It renews demands for self-government and equal rights while revealing tensions...

Italy invades Ethiopia, one of the few African states to retain formal independence. The invasion provokes protests and diaspora solidarity campaigns; it exposed the weakness of the League of...

Italian forces enter Addis Ababa after the invasion. Ethiopia’s government-in-exile and resistance continued to contest occupation; the date marks an imperial conquest, not the end of Ethiopian...

Young African activists form the ANC Youth League to challenge the slow pace and cautious methods of the parent organization. Their program emphasized mass action and African leadership and helped...

As the UN founding conference begins, African and diaspora organizations circulate a manifesto demanding self-government and equal rights for colonized peoples. The episode shows how activists used...