The Birmingham campaign begins

Trinidad and Tobago gained independence under Prime Minister Eric Williams. In his independence address, Williams rejected second-class citizenship based on race, colour or creed. Independence gave...

Meredith registered after a legal struggle and violent resistance to his admission. Federal intervention was required to overcome obstruction of desegregation. His entry challenged racial exclusion at...

Uganda became independent, with Milton Obote heading the government. Independence ended British colonial authority over the country’s national political institutions. In the DTM framework, this is a...

Resolution 1761 requested diplomatic and economic measures against South Africa, including a boycott of its goods, and established a special committee to review apartheid. It strengthened...

The General Assembly adopted Resolution 1803 on permanent sovereignty over natural resources. It linked control of resources to national development and peoples’ well-being. For movements...

Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested while participating in Birmingham demonstrations despite a court injunction. The arrest placed the conflict between court-enforced restrictions and nonviolent...

Writing from jail, King defended nonviolent direct action against criticism by white clergy. He explained why people suffering segregation could not indefinitely postpone their claims to justice....

Campaigners launched a boycott against the Bristol Omnibus Company’s refusal to employ Black and Asian bus crews. Caribbean community organizing and wider support challenged discrimination in...

School-age demonstrators entered the Birmingham campaign in large numbers and faced mass arrests. Their participation expanded the challenge to segregation and exposed the state’s treatment of young...

Independent African states established the OAU in Addis Ababa. Its charter promoted solidarity, sovereignty and the eradication of colonialism in Africa. The organization created a continental...