The event survives through Persian-Arabic scholarship

Modern astronomers identify the expanding remnant of a white-dwarf explosion thousands of light-years away.

Chinese, Japanese, Arabic and European texts show the value of comparing records written for different purposes and audiences.

A modern study identifies his description as the earliest surviving report of Venus passing across the Sun on 24 May 1032.

A Venus transit bears on whether the planet can pass between Earth and the Sun, an issue in medieval planetary ordering.

His writings discuss celestial visibility, angular measurement and methods for terrestrial longitude.

Court observers reported a bright new star near Tianguan on 4 July 1054, visible in daylight for weeks.

Modern astronomy connects the historical observation to an expanding supernova remnant with a pulsar at its center.

The Chinese state maintained specialist observers whose reports allow later researchers to date short-lived celestial events.

What observers described as a new star is now understood as the explosive end of a massive star.

The conquest devastated a city central to centuries of astronomical, mathematical and medical scholarship.