📅 14 June 1830
A French expeditionary force landed at Sidi Fredj, west of Algiers, launching the invasion of the Regency of Algiers. French official accounts often framed the expedition through a diplomatic...
📅 17 April 1825
Charles X issued an ordinance recognizing Haiti’s independence on the condition that Haiti compensate former colonists, including for the loss of enslaved people claimed as property. The imposed...
📅 17 April 1825
Charles X’s ordinance recognized Haiti’s independence while requiring Haiti to pay 150 million francs in five annual installments to compensate former colonists for property losses. The ordinance...
📅 17 April 1825
By royal ordinance, Charles X offered recognition of Haitian independence on condition that Haiti pay 150 million francs to former French colonists, many of whom had enslaved people, and grant...
📅 17 April 1825
King Charles X’s ordinance of 17 April 1825 offered diplomatic recognition of Haiti on condition that the Haitian state pay 150 million francs to compensate former colonists for property lost...
📅 11 July 1825
President Jean-Pierre Boyer accepted the French terms on 11 July after negotiations conducted under the threat of a naval force. France recognized Haitian independence, but Haiti was required to...
