📅 29 August 1842
After Qing defeat in the First Opium War, the treaty ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain, opened five treaty ports, and imposed an indemnity. It inaugurated a sequence of unequal treaties that...
📅 24 October 1860
Following the Second Opium War, Qing officials signed the Convention of Beijing with Britain, extending foreign access and confirming earlier concessions; Britain also gained the southern part of...
📅 17 April 1895
Qing China signed the treaty ending the First Sino-Japanese War, recognizing Korean independence as defined by Japan, ceding Taiwan and the Pescadores, and paying an indemnity. The defeat signaled the...
