📅 24 October 1813
After the 1804–1813 war, Iran recognized Russian control over major Caucasian territories under the Treaty of Gulistan. Russia also secured exclusive Caspian warship rights, deepening the unequal...
📅 4 May 1807
Iran and France signed the Finkenstein treaty. France recognized Iranian claims to Georgia and promised arms and military instructors. Iran sought support against Russian expansion, while Napoleon...
📅 12 March 1809
Iran and Britain signed a preliminary treaty as Iran sought an alternative to unreliable French support against Russia. The diplomatic shift illustrates Iran’s search for military assistance within...
📅 25 November 1814
Iran and Britain concluded a definitive treaty offering British troops or a subsidy if a European power attacked Iran. It also constrained Iran’s alliances. The agreement sought protection after...
📅 11 February 1829
A crowd attacked the Russian mission in Tehran, killing ambassador Alexander Griboedov and other staff. The crisis followed the unequal Turkmenchay settlement; conflicting Iranian and Russian accounts...
