The period of intensified attacks on cities ended without a durable settlement or effective protection for civilians. The escalation showed how each side used urban bombardment to impose costs and...
Missile strikes and air attacks on population centres escalated again. Iranian residents of cities faced displacement, casualties, and insecurity; the attacks also reflected the inability of...
The period of intensified urban attacks eased, but civilian vulnerability remained. The war’s urban front illustrated the widening human impact beyond combatants and the weakness of international...
