The Armed Forces Movement overthrew Portugal’s Estado Novo dictatorship. Portugal’s prolonged and increasingly costly wars against African liberation movements were a major cause of the coup. The...
Portugal recognized the Republic of Guinea-Bissau following years of armed struggle led by PAIGC and the unilateral independence declaration of 1973. The recognition marked a major victory for a...
Cape Verde became independent after Portugal accepted the end of its colonial empire. PAIGC linked the archipelago’s future to the liberation struggle in Guinea-Bissau, though the two territories...
