| 2 October 2026 |
Netherlands
|
Racism
|
Research on the House of Orange-Nassau's colonial role is presented
|
| 14 April 2026 |
International
|
Racism
|
The Permanent Forum opens its fifth session in Geneva
|
| 25 March 2026 |
International
|
Racism
|
The General Assembly adopts a Ghana-led declaration on racialized enslavement
|
| 20 January 2026 |
European Union
|
Racism
|
The European Commission adopts its 2026–2030 Anti-Racism Strategy
|
| 15 December 2025 |
Ethiopia; International
|
Racism
|
African Union reparations expert mechanisms begin inception meetings
|
| 8 December 2025 |
Togo; International
|
Racism
|
The ninth Pan-African Congress opens in Lomé
|
| 25 November 2025 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Black women march for reparations and bem viver
|
| 30 October 2025 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Victoria's Parliament passes statewide Treaty legislation
|
| 24 September 2025 |
Greenland; Denmark
|
Racism
|
Denmark apologizes in Nuuk for forced contraception
|
| 18 June 2025 |
Netherlands; Nigeria
|
Racism
|
The Dutch government reports the return journey of Benin bronzes
|
| 3 June 2025 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil expands reserved places in federal public recruitment
|
| 7 May 2025 |
International
|
Racism
|
The UN appoints a special envoy to combat Islamophobia
|
| 23 April 2025 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An executive order targets disparate-impact enforcement
|
| 10 April 2025 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Parliament rejects the Treaty Principles Bill
|
| 19 February 2025 |
Netherlands; Nigeria
|
Racism
|
Dutch authorities sign ownership transfers for Benin bronzes
|
| 15 February 2025 |
Africa; International
|
Racism
|
The African Union opens its year centred on reparatory justice
|
| 21 January 2025 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An executive order reverses federal affirmative-action requirements
|
| 17 December 2024 |
International
|
Racism
|
The UN proclaims a second decade for people of African descent
|
| 26 November 2024 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Human Rights Commission launches a national antiracism framework
|
| 21 November 2024 |
Brazil; International
|
Racism
|
The Inter-American Court rules for Alcântara quilombola communities
|
| 19 November 2024 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Hīkoi mō te Tiriti reaches Parliament
|
| 12 November 2024 |
Norway
|
Racism
|
Norway's Parliament apologizes for forced assimilation
|
| 26 October 2024 |
Samoa; Commonwealth
|
Racism
|
Commonwealth leaders agree to dialogue on reparatory justice
|
| 24 October 2024 |
European Union
|
Racism
|
Being Muslim in the EU documents racialized discrimination
|
| 26 September 2024 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California issues a formal apology for slavery and its legacies
|
| 20 September 2024 |
Netherlands; Indonesia
|
Racism
|
The Netherlands transfers another 288 cultural objects to Indonesia
|
| 7 August 2024 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Antiracist crowds mobilize against threatened far-right attacks
|
| 30 July 2024 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Parliament passes legislation restoring polls on Māori wards
|
| 19 July 2024 |
Palestine; Israel; International
|
Racism
|
The ICJ finds unlawful separation in the occupied Palestinian territory
|
| 6 July 2024 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A sheriff's deputy kills Sonya Massey after she seeks assistance
|
| 27 June 2024 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
A community-informed report proposes Canada's Black Justice Strategy
|
| 10 June 2024 |
Spain
|
Racism
|
Three supporters are convicted for racist abuse of Vinícius Júnior
|
| 8 June 2024 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canada launches a new federal Anti-Racism Strategy
|
| 9 May 2024 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The presidency announces assent to hate-crime and hate-speech legislation
|
| 6 March 2024 |
Norway
|
Racism
|
Nord-Fosen herders and the wind-power company reach an agreement
|
| 26 January 2024 |
Palestine; Israel; South Africa; International
|
Racism
|
The ICJ orders provisional measures to protect Palestinians in Gaza
|
| 29 December 2023 |
South Africa; Palestine; Israel; International
|
Racism
|
South Africa brings a Genocide Convention case concerning Gaza
|
| 21 December 2023 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Black Consciousness Day becomes a nationwide public holiday
|
| 17 November 2023 |
Ghana; International
|
Racism
|
The Accra Reparations Conference concludes with a common proclamation
|
| 13 November 2023 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil revises its federal education quota law
|
| 1 November 2023 |
Tanzania; Germany
|
Racism
|
Germany's president asks forgiveness at the Maji Maji Memorial
|
| 25 October 2023 |
European Union
|
Racism
|
Being Black in the EU documents persistent racial discrimination
|
| 14 October 2023 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The referendum on an Indigenous Voice is defeated
|
| 4 October 2023 |
Curaçao; Netherlands
|
Racism
|
The Netherlands formally rehabilitates Tula
|
| 21 September 2023 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court rejects the Indigenous land cutoff argument
|
| 25 August 2023 |
Guyana; United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Gladstone descendants apologize in Guyana for family involvement in slavery
|
| 7 August 2023 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
New census results expand the visibility of Indigenous Brazil
|
| 27 July 2023 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil releases its first census results identifying quilombola communities
|
| 25 July 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A national monument honours Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
|
| 6 July 2023 |
Netherlands; Indonesia; Sri Lanka
|
Racism
|
The Netherlands announces restitution of colonial collections
|
| 1 July 2023 |
Netherlands; Suriname; Caribbean
|
Racism
|
King Willem-Alexander apologizes for slavery and asks forgiveness
|
| 29 June 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California's reparations task force delivers its final report
|
| 15 June 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court preserves Indian Child Welfare Act protections
|
| 8 June 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black voters win a Supreme Court victory in Allen v. Milligan
|
| 21 March 2023 |
Ireland
|
Racism
|
Ireland launches its National Action Plan Against Racism
|
| 21 February 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Seattle's council votes to prohibit caste discrimination
|
| 11 January 2023 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil classifies racial insult under its racism law
|
| 7 January 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Memphis officers fatally assault Tyre Nichols
|
| 19 December 2022 |
Netherlands; Suriname; Caribbean
|
Racism
|
The Dutch government apologizes for the state's role in slavery
|
| 5 December 2022 |
International
|
Racism
|
The Permanent Forum of People of African Descent opens its first session
|
| 11 October 2022 |
United States; Nigeria
|
Racism
|
The Smithsonian transfers ownership of twenty-nine Benin bronzes
|
| 25 July 2022 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Pope Francis apologizes at Maskwacis before residential-school survivors
|
| 20 July 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Bruce family receives the deed to Bruce's Beach
|
| 1 July 2022 |
Germany; Nigeria
|
Racism
|
Germany and Nigeria sign a declaration on returning Benin bronzes
|
| 23 June 2022 |
Kenya; International
|
Racism
|
The African Court awards reparations in the Ogiek case
|
| 22 June 2022 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The National Windrush Monument is unveiled
|
| 19 June 2022 |
Colombia
|
Racism
|
Francia Márquez is elected vice-president
|
| 1 June 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California's reparations task force releases its interim report
|
| 14 May 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A racist mass shooting targets Buffalo's Black community
|
| 1 April 2022 |
Vatican City; Canada
|
Racism
|
Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegations at the Vatican
|
| 29 March 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Emmett Till Antilynching Act becomes law
|
| 22 February 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A federal jury convicts Arbery's killers of hate crimes
|
| 27 January 2022 |
Ecuador
|
Racism
|
The Sinangoe judgment strengthens Indigenous consultation and consent rights
|
| 5 January 2022 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
A Bristol jury acquits the Colston Four
|
| 9 November 2021 |
France; Benin
|
Racism
|
France signs the transfer of twenty-six royal treasures to Benin
|
| 27 October 2021 |
United Kingdom; Nigeria
|
Racism
|
Jesus College hands over the Okukor Benin bronze
|
| 11 October 2021 |
Norway
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court rules that Fosen wind licences violate Sámi rights
|
| 30 September 2021 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canada observes its first National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
|
| 28 September 2021 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
Mexico apologizes to the Yaqui and agrees a justice plan
|
| 8 September 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Virginia removes the Robert E. Lee statue in Richmond
|
| 31 August 2021 |
International
|
Racism
|
The first International Day for People of African Descent is observed
|
| 2 August 2021 |
International
|
Racism
|
The UN establishes the Permanent Forum of People of African Descent
|
| 13 July 2021 |
International
|
Racism
|
The Human Rights Council creates a racial-justice policing mechanism
|
| 1 July 2021 |
Netherlands
|
Racism
|
Amsterdam apologizes for its role in slavery
|
| 28 June 2021 |
International
|
Racism
|
OHCHR releases an agenda for transformative racial justice
|
| 21 June 2021 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canada enacts its UN Indigenous rights declaration law
|
| 17 June 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Juneteenth becomes a federal holiday
|
| 6 June 2021 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
An Islamophobic attack kills four members of the Afzaal family
|
| 28 May 2021 |
Germany; Namibia
|
Racism
|
Germany announces recognition of colonial genocide in Namibia
|
| 20 April 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A jury convicts Derek Chauvin for killing George Floyd
|
| 22 March 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Evanston approves a reparations housing programme
|
| 16 March 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Atlanta-area shootings intensify resistance to anti-Asian violence
|
| 23 February 2021 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Quilombola litigation secures a COVID-19 protection ruling
|
| 20 January 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Biden revokes discriminatory entry restrictions
|
| 24 December 2020 |
France; Benin; Senegal
|
Racism
|
France promulgates a law enabling specific colonial-era restitutions
|
| 19 November 2020 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
João Alberto Freitas is killed at a Carrefour supermarket
|
| 16 November 2020 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Atikamekw councils present Joyce's Principle
|
| 20 October 2020 |
Nigeria
|
Racism
|
Security forces attack EndSARS protesters in Lagos
|
| 30 September 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California establishes a task force to develop reparations proposals
|
| 28 September 2020 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Joyce Echaquan's death exposes racism in healthcare
|
| 18 September 2020 |
European Union
|
Racism
|
The European Commission publishes its Anti-Racism Action Plan
|
| 28 August 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Commitment March links police accountability with voting rights
|
| 9 July 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
McGirt affirms the continuing reservation status of Muscogee land
|
| 30 June 2020 |
Belgium; Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
Racism
|
King Philippe expresses regret for Belgian colonial violence
|
| 28 June 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Mississippi lawmakers vote to retire the Confederate-emblem state flag
|
| 19 June 2020 |
International
|
Racism
|
The Human Rights Council mandates a report on systemic racism and policing
|
| 7 June 2020 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Protesters topple Edward Colston's statue in Bristol
|
| 25 May 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The murder of George Floyd prompts worldwide antiracist mobilization
|
| 19 March 2020 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Windrush Lessons Learned Review is presented to Parliament
|
| 13 March 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Breonna Taylor is killed during a police search of her home
|
| 23 February 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Ahmaud Arbery is pursued and killed in Georgia
|
| 26 October 2019 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The closure of the Uluru climb takes effect
|
| 14 August 2019 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The 1619 Project launches a debate over slavery and national history
|
| 15 July 2019 |
United States (Hawaiʻi)
|
Racism
|
Maunakea protectors block access for telescope construction
|
| 3 June 2019 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
The inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls presents its final report
|
| 15 March 2019 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
The Christchurch mosque attacks kill 51 people
|
| 18 June 2018 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
An annual Windrush Day is announced
|
| 24 May 2018 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The government announces the Windrush documentation scheme
|
| 14 March 2018 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Marielle Franco and Anderson Gomes are assassinated
|
| 12 August 2017 |
United States
|
Racism
|
White-supremacist violence kills Heather Heyer in Charlottesville
|
| 26 May 2017 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Uluru Statement from the Heart calls for Voice and Makarrata
|
| 28 January 2017 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Lawyers win an emergency stay against removals under the entry ban
|
| 27 January 2017 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Executive Order 13769 imposes nationality-based entry restrictions
|
| 4 December 2016 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Army declines a Dakota Access Pipeline easement at Lake Oahe
|
| 1 August 2016 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Movement for Black Lives releases a collective policy platform
|
| 1 April 2016 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Sacred Stone Camp opens in resistance to the Dakota Access Pipeline
|
| 2 March 2016 |
Honduras
|
Racism
|
Berta Cáceres is assassinated after defending Lenca territory
|
| 15 December 2015 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
The TRC presents its full final report
|
| 18 November 2015 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Black women march in Brasília against racism and violence
|
| 10 July 2015 |
United States
|
Racism
|
South Carolina permanently removes the Confederate battle flag from State House grounds
|
| 27 June 2015 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Bree Newsome removes the Confederate flag in an act of civil disobedience
|
| 17 June 2015 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A racist attack targets Emanuel AME Church in Charleston
|
| 2 June 2015 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission releases 94 Calls to Action
|
| 9 April 2015 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The University of Cape Town removes the Rhodes statue
|
| 9 March 2015 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
A protest against the Rhodes statue begins a campus reckoning
|
| 22 November 2014 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police shoot twelve-year-old Tamir Rice in Cleveland
|
| 22 September 2014 |
International
|
Racism
|
The World Conference on Indigenous Peoples adopts implementation commitments
|
| 9 August 2014 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Michael Brown's killing sparks protest in Ferguson
|
| 17 July 2014 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Eric Garner dies during a police arrest in Staten Island
|
| 26 June 2014 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Tsilhqot'in Nation wins a declaration of Aboriginal title
|
| 10 March 2014 |
Caribbean
|
Racism
|
CARICOM leaders consider the Ten-Point Reparatory Justice Plan
|
| 17 October 2013 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Police confront anti-shale-gas protesters near Elsipogtog
|
| 23 September 2013 |
Dominican Republic
|
Racism
|
A nationality ruling threatens Dominicans of Haitian descent with exclusion
|
| 12 August 2013 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Floyd finds New York stop-and-frisk practices unconstitutional
|
| 13 July 2013 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Zimmerman's acquittal catalyses Black Lives Matter organizing
|
| 6 July 2013 |
Caribbean
|
Racism
|
CARICOM leaders agree to establish a Reparations Commission
|
| 25 June 2013 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Shelby County invalidates the Voting Rights Act coverage formula
|
| 6 June 2013 |
Kenya; United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Britain announces a settlement with Kenyan survivors of colonial abuse
|
| 25 March 2013 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
The Journey of Nishiyuu reaches Ottawa
|
| 11 January 2013 |
Canada; International
|
Racism
|
Idle No More holds a global day of action
|
| 10 December 2012 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Idle No More holds a national day of action
|
| 29 August 2012 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
A federal quota law widens access to universities
|
| 16 August 2012 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Police kill 34 striking mineworkers at Marikana
|
| 5 August 2012 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A white supremacist attacks the Sikh gurdwara in Oak Creek
|
| 27 June 2012 |
Ecuador
|
Racism
|
Sarayaku wins a judgment on consultation and Indigenous territory
|
| 26 April 2012 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil's Supreme Federal Court upholds racial university quotas
|
| 26 February 2012 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The killing of Trayvon Martin becomes a focus of demands for justice
|
| 24 May 2011 |
Nepal
|
Racism
|
Nepal passes legislation against caste discrimination and untouchability
|
| 16 December 2010 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The United States announces support for the Indigenous rights declaration
|
| 20 July 2010 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil enacts the Statute of Racial Equality
|
| 23 April 2010 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Arizona signs SB 1070 into law
|
| 8 April 2010 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Equality Act receives royal assent
|
| 4 February 2010 |
Kenya
|
Racism
|
The Endorois land-rights decision is publicly announced
|
| 14 October 2009 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Abahlali wins a constitutional challenge to the Slums Act
|
| 5 June 2009 |
Peru
|
Racism
|
The Bagua confrontation exposes the cost of denying Indigenous consultation
|
| 21 April 2009 |
International
|
Racism
|
The Durban Review Conference adopts an outcome document
|
| 1 January 2009 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Oscar Grant is killed at Fruitvale BART station
|
| 4 November 2008 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Barack Obama is elected the first African American president
|
| 11 June 2008 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canada apologizes for the residential school system
|
| 11 May 2008 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Xenophobic attacks begin in Alexandra and spread
|
| 10 March 2008 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil adds Indigenous history and culture to compulsory school teaching
|
| 13 February 2008 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Australia apologizes to the Stolen Generations
|
| 28 November 2007 |
Suriname
|
Racism
|
The Saramaka judgment protects collective territory and participation
|
| 13 November 2007 |
Czech Republic
|
Racism
|
D.H. finds discrimination against Roma children in education
|
| 20 September 2007 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A mass march supports the Jena Six
|
| 13 September 2007 |
International
|
Racism
|
The United Nations adopts the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
|
| 21 June 2007 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Northern Territory Intervention is announced
|
| 13 December 2006 |
Botswana
|
Racism
|
San applicants win a High Court victory over removal from their homeland
|
| 22 June 2006 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canada apologizes for the Chinese head tax and exclusion
|
| 10 May 2006 |
France
|
Racism
|
France holds its first metropolitan national slavery remembrance day
|
| 1 May 2006 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A Day Without Immigrants demonstrates migrant collective power
|
| 11 December 2005 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Racist violence erupts at Cronulla
|
| 27 October 2005 |
France
|
Racism
|
The deaths of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré precede nationwide unrest
|
| 6 October 2005 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Settlement representatives formally establish Abahlali baseMjondolo
|
| 19 March 2005 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Kennedy Road residents blockade a road over land and housing
|
| 7 January 2005 |
Germany
|
Racism
|
Oury Jalloh dies in a police-cell fire in Dessau
|
| 18 November 2004 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Haida Nation establishes a duty to consult before title is finally proven
|
| 21 September 2004 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Native communities join the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian
|
| 14 August 2004 |
Namibia; Germany
|
Racism
|
A German minister asks forgiveness for colonial atrocities against the Herero
|
| 5 May 2004 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
The foreshore and seabed hīkoi reaches Parliament
|
| 15 March 2004 |
France
|
Racism
|
France legislates against conspicuous religious symbols in public schools
|
| 20 November 2003 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
A decree establishes procedures for quilombola land recognition
|
| 23 June 2003 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Grutter upholds a limited form of race-conscious university admission
|
| 9 January 2003 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Law 10.639 makes Afro-Brazilian history and culture compulsory in schools
|
| 5 July 2002 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Treatment Action Campaign wins a constitutional health-rights case
|
| 1 July 2002 |
Netherlands
|
Racism
|
The National Slavery Monument is unveiled in Amsterdam
|
| 12 April 2002 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Cincinnati agreements seek institutional police reform
|
| 28 February 2002 |
India
|
Racism
|
Anti-Muslim mass violence spreads in Gujarat
|
| 26 October 2001 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The USA PATRIOT Act expands federal security powers
|
| 15 September 2001 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Balbir Singh Sodhi is killed in the post-9/11 racist backlash
|
| 8 September 2001 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action are adopted
|
| 31 August 2001 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The World Conference against Racism opens in Durban
|
| 21 May 2001 |
France
|
Racism
|
The Taubira law recognizes slavery and slave trading as crimes against humanity
|
| 7 April 2001 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The police killing of Timothy Thomas sparks a crisis in Cincinnati
|
| 28 March 2001 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
Comandanta Esther addresses legislators on Indigenous rights
|
| 11 March 2001 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
The March of the Colour of the Earth reaches Mexico City
|
| 15 September 2000 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Cathy Freeman lights the Sydney Olympic cauldron
|
| 29 June 2000 |
European Union
|
Racism
|
The Council adopts the Racial Equality Directive
|
| 28 May 2000 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
A mass walk across Sydney Harbour Bridge calls for reconciliation
|
| 22 April 2000 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Indigenous, Black and landless protesters challenge colonial celebrations
|
| 1 April 1999 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Nunavut becomes a Canadian territory
|
| 24 February 1999 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Macpherson report identifies institutional racism in policing
|
| 4 February 1999 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police kill Amadou Diallo in New York
|
| 10 December 1998 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Treatment Action Campaign launches a demand for affordable care
|
| 12 October 1998 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Employment Equity Act receives presidential assent
|
| 4 August 1998 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Nisga'a and government negotiators initial a final treaty agreement
|
| 26 May 1998 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The first National Sorry Day remembers the Stolen Generations
|
| 7 January 1998 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canada presents a reconciliation statement and Aboriginal action plan
|
| 22 December 1997 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
The Acteal massacre kills Indigenous civilians in Chiapas
|
| 11 December 1997 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Delgamuukw gives Indigenous oral histories a place in title litigation
|
| 26 May 1997 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Bringing Them Home documents the forced removal of Indigenous children
|
| 20 April 1997 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
An attack on Galdino Pataxó exposes violence against Indigenous people
|
| 23 December 1996 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Wik judgment recognizes possible coexistence of land rights
|
| 21 November 1996 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples releases its report
|
| 23 August 1996 |
France
|
Racism
|
Police forcibly evacuate the Saint-Bernard occupation
|
| 28 June 1996 |
France
|
Racism
|
Sans-papiers occupy Saint-Bernard church to demand recognition
|
| 13 June 1996 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
A proclamation establishes National Aboriginal Day
|
| 8 May 1996 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Constitutional Assembly adopts a new constitutional text
|
| 15 April 1996 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission opens public victim hearings
|
| 16 February 1996 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
The San Andrés Accords commit negotiators to Indigenous rights
|
| 20 November 1995 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
The Zumbi dos Palmares March demands action against racism
|
| 10 November 1995 |
Nigeria
|
Racism
|
Nigeria executes Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other Ogoni activists
|
| 16 October 1995 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Million Man March brings Black collective action to Washington
|
| 22 May 1995 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Waikato-Tainui signs a settlement for colonial land confiscation
|
| 17 November 1994 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Restitution of Land Rights Act is signed
|
| 8 November 1994 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California voters approve Proposition 187
|
| 16 October 1994 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A Los Angeles march challenges Proposition 187
|
| 10 May 1994 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as president
|
| 27 April 1994 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
South Africans vote in the first national democratic election
|
| 11 February 1994 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Executive Order 12898 makes environmental justice a federal responsibility
|
| 1 January 1994 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
The Zapatista uprising places Indigenous demands before Mexico
|
| 24 December 1993 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Native Title Act receives royal assent
|
| 18 November 1993 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Negotiators approve an interim constitutional settlement
|
| 27 August 1993 |
Colombia
|
Racism
|
Law 70 recognizes collective rights of Black communities
|
| 29 May 1993 |
Germany
|
Racism
|
The Solingen arson attack kills five members of a Turkish family
|
| 25 May 1993 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Inuit sign the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
|
| 22 April 1993 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Stephen Lawrence is murdered in a racist attack
|
| 17 April 1993 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Nicky Winmar publicly confronts racism in Australian football
|
| 10 April 1993 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Chris Hani's assassination threatens the democratic transition
|
| 4 January 1993 |
Nigeria
|
Racism
|
Ogoni mobilize against oil extraction and environmental destruction
|
| 10 December 1992 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Redfern speech acknowledges responsibility for Indigenous dispossession
|
| 12 October 1992 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
Indigenous protesters topple the Mazariegos statue in Chiapas
|
| 7 September 1992 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Ciskei troops fire on the Bisho march for political freedom
|
| 17 June 1992 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Boipatong massacre deepens the crisis over political violence
|
| 3 June 1992 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Mabo judgment recognizes native title and rejects terra nullius
|
| 29 April 1992 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Rodney King verdict triggers protest and unrest in Los Angeles
|
| 20 December 1991 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
CODESA opens negotiations on a democratic political order
|
| 24 October 1991 |
United States
|
Racism
|
People of colour convene a summit on environmental justice
|
| 14 September 1991 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The National Peace Accord establishes mechanisms to confront political violence
|
| 4 July 1991 |
Colombia
|
Racism
|
The new Constitution recognizes ethnic and cultural diversity
|
| 17 June 1991 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Parliament votes to repeal the Population Registration Act
|
| 5 June 1991 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Parliament passes a bill dismantling racial restrictions on land
|
| 15 April 1991 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The deaths-in-custody commission signs its final report
|
| 3 March 1991 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The videotaped beating of Rodney King exposes police violence
|
| 16 November 1990 |
United States
|
Racism
|
NAGPRA creates a legal route for Indigenous repatriation claims
|
| 6 August 1990 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Pretoria Minute records the ANC's suspension of armed action
|
| 11 July 1990 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
A police assault escalates the Kanesatake land defence into the Oka crisis
|
| 31 May 1990 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
The Sparrow judgment strengthens constitutional protection of Aboriginal rights
|
| 28 May 1990 |
Ecuador
|
Racism
|
Indigenous activists occupy Santo Domingo church before a national uprising
|
| 4 May 1990 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Groote Schuur Minute addresses barriers to political negotiations
|
| 21 March 1990 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
Namibia becomes independent after the struggle against South African rule
|
| 11 February 1990 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Nelson Mandela leaves prison and calls for continued struggle
|
| 2 February 1990 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The bans on the ANC and other liberation organizations are lifted
|
| 8 December 1989 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Conference for a Democratic Future brings movements together
|
| 7 November 1989 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
Voting begins in Namibia's UN-supervised election
|
| 13 September 1989 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
A mass peace march in Cape Town challenges apartheid
|
| 21 August 1989 |
Zimbabwe
|
Racism
|
The Harare Declaration sets conditions for ending apartheid through negotiations
|
| 27 June 1989 |
Switzerland
|
Racism
|
ILO Convention 169 recognizes Indigenous collective rights
|
| 1 April 1989 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
The UN-supervised independence transition begins
|
| 5 January 1989 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Law 7,716 defines crimes of racial discrimination
|
| 8 December 1988 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Mabo No. 1 blocks Queensland's attempt to extinguish islanders' claims
|
| 5 October 1988 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
The new Constitution recognizes antiracist and quilombola claims
|
| 22 September 1988 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Japanese Canadians secure an apology and redress agreement
|
| 10 August 1988 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Japanese American redress campaigning wins the Civil Liberties Act
|
| 1 July 1988 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
The government announces the return of Bastion Point land
|
| 11 June 1988 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Wembley concert amplifies the campaign to free Mandela
|
| 14 April 1988 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Japanese Canadians rally for redress on Parliament Hill
|
| 29 March 1988 |
France
|
Racism
|
Dulcie September is assassinated outside the ANC office in Paris
|
| 24 February 1988 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The UDF protests restrictions on anti-apartheid organizations
|
| 26 January 1988 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
First Nations marchers challenge the bicentenary of colonization
|
| 5 November 1987 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Govan Mbeki is released after more than two decades in prison
|
| 9 August 1987 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Black mineworkers begin the Great Mines Strike
|
| 1 August 1987 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Te reo Māori gains official-language status
|
| 9 July 1987 |
Senegal
|
Racism
|
The Dakar conference opens dialogue with the banned ANC
|
| 20 December 1986 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Howard Beach racist attack kills Michael Griffith
|
| 6 December 1986 |
France
|
Racism
|
Police kill Malik Oussekine in Paris
|
| 2 October 1986 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act becomes law over Reagan's veto
|
| 12 June 1986 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
A nationwide emergency targets anti-apartheid organizing
|
| 1 May 1986 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Workers make May Day a mass challenge to apartheid
|
| 20 January 1986 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The first federal Martin Luther King Jr. holiday honours a movement's struggle
|
| 1 December 1985 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
COSATU launches as a united labour force against apartheid
|
| 26 October 1985 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Uluru and Kata Tjuta are handed back to Aṉangu
|
| 17 July 1985 |
India
|
Racism
|
The Karamchedu massacre spurs Dalit mobilization
|
| 15 July 1985 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
A consumer boycott begins in Port Elizabeth
|
| 27 June 1985 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Security police abduct and kill the Cradock Four
|
| 10 April 1985 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Berkeley students begin sustained anti-apartheid campus protests
|
| 21 March 1985 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Police fire on a funeral procession near Uitenhage
|
| 10 February 1985 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Zindzi Mandela reads her father's rejection of conditional release
|
| 21 November 1984 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An embassy sit-in launches the Free South Africa campaign
|
| 16 October 1984 |
South Africa; Norway
|
Racism
|
Desmond Tutu is announced as Nobel Peace Prize laureate
|
| 3 September 1984 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Vaal uprising connects rent struggles with political resistance
|
| 22 August 1984 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
An election boycott challenges the tricameral system
|
| 19 July 1984 |
Ireland
|
Racism
|
Dunnes Stores workers begin an anti-apartheid strike
|
| 3 December 1983 |
France
|
Racism
|
The equality march reaches Paris with mass support
|
| 15 October 1983 |
France
|
Racism
|
The March for Equality and Against Racism leaves Marseille
|
| 27 August 1983 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Marchers renew demands for jobs, peace and freedom in Washington
|
| 20 August 1983 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The United Democratic Front launches in Mitchells Plain
|
| 31 March 1983 |
United States
|
Racism
|
American Citizens for Justice forms after the Vincent Chin case
|
| 23 January 1983 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Allan Boesak calls for a united front against apartheid reforms
|
| 26 September 1982 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Land-rights marchers challenge the Commonwealth Games image
|
| 17 August 1982 |
Mozambique
|
Racism
|
A letter bomb kills anti-apartheid scholar Ruth First
|
| 23 June 1982 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Vincent Chin dies after a racist attack
|
| 16 June 1982 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Bradford Twelve win acquittal after a solidarity campaign
|
| 20 May 1982 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Meriam claimants begin the Mabo land case
|
| 17 April 1982 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Constitutional protection recognizes Aboriginal and treaty rights
|
| 12 September 1981 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Protesters confront the final Springbok test in Auckland
|
| 25 July 1981 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Anti-apartheid protesters stop the Hamilton rugby match
|
| 10 April 1981 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Brixton uprising begins amid conflict over policing
|
| 2 March 1981 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Black People's Day of Action challenges official indifference
|
| 18 January 1981 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The New Cross fire becomes a focus of Black protest
|
| 13 June 1980 |
Guyana
|
Racism
|
Walter Rodney is assassinated in Georgetown
|
| 17 May 1980 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The McDuffie acquittals trigger unrest in Miami
|
| 18 April 1980 |
Zimbabwe
|
Racism
|
Zimbabwe becomes independent under majority rule
|
| 3 November 1979 |
United States
|
Racism
|
White supremacists kill five antiracist demonstrators in Greensboro
|
| 23 April 1979 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Southall mobilizes against a National Front meeting
|
| 11 August 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act is approved
|
| 15 July 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Longest Walk reaches Washington
|
| 7 July 1978 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
A public rally launches the Movimento Negro Unificado
|
| 28 June 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Bakke judgment reshapes affirmative-action struggles
|
| 25 May 1978 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Police evict the Bastion Point occupiers
|
| 14 May 1978 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Thousands march behind Altab Ali's coffin
|
| 4 May 1978 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Altab Ali's racist murder galvanizes Bengali organizing
|
| 30 April 1978 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Rock Against Racism brings mass protest to Victoria Park
|
| 11 February 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An Alcatraz ceremony opens the Longest Walk
|
| 4 November 1977 |
International
|
Racism
|
The UN imposes a mandatory arms embargo on South Africa
|
| 19 October 1977 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Black Wednesday targets Black Consciousness and independent newspapers
|
| 12 September 1977 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Steve Biko dies in police detention
|
| 13 August 1977 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Lewisham residents and allies confront a National Front march
|
| 15 June 1977 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Gleneagles Agreement strengthens the apartheid sports boycott
|
| 5 January 1977 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Ngāti Whātua begin the occupation of Bastion Point
|
| 16 December 1976 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Northern Territory land rights law receives assent
|
| 22 November 1976 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Race Relations Act strengthens Britain's antidiscrimination framework
|
| 20 August 1976 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Migrant workers begin the Grunwick strike
|
| 16 June 1976 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Soweto students rise against apartheid education
|
| 25 November 1975 |
Suriname
|
Racism
|
Suriname becomes an independent republic
|
| 11 November 1975 |
Angola
|
Racism
|
Angola becomes independent as competing interventions intensify
|
| 13 October 1975 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
The Māori land march brings its demands to Parliament
|
| 14 September 1975 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
The Māori land march leaves Te Hāpua
|
| 16 August 1975 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Gurindji land handback recognizes years of collective struggle
|
| 5 July 1975 |
Cape Verde
|
Racism
|
Cape Verde gains independence from Portugal
|
| 25 June 1975 |
Mozambique
|
Racism
|
Mozambique becomes independent after the liberation struggle
|
| 11 June 1975 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Racial Discrimination Act receives assent
|
| 4 January 1975 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act becomes law
|
| 25 September 1974 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Black Consciousness activists defy a ban on Viva FRELIMO rallies
|
| 7 September 1974 |
Mozambique; Zambia
|
Racism
|
The Lusaka Accord establishes a path to Mozambican independence
|
| 25 April 1974 |
Portugal
|
Racism
|
The Portuguese dictatorship falls amid prolonged colonial wars
|
| 12 February 1974 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Boldt decision affirms treaty fishing rights
|
| 30 November 1973 |
International
|
Racism
|
The UN adopts the convention against the crime of apartheid
|
| 24 September 1973 |
Guinea-Bissau
|
Racism
|
The PAIGC-led assembly proclaims Guinea-Bissau's independence
|
| 15 August 1973 |
India
|
Racism
|
Dalit Panthers mark Black Independence Day in Bombay
|
| 27 February 1973 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Wounded Knee occupation brings treaty rights to international attention
|
| 31 January 1973 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
The Nisga'a Calder case changes the debate over Aboriginal title
|
| 9 January 1973 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Coronation workers launch a major phase of the Durban strikes
|
| 2 November 1972 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Trail of Broken Treaties reaches Washington
|
| 14 September 1972 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Campaigners deliver the Māori language petition to Parliament
|
| 8 July 1972 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Black People's Convention meets to build broader Black solidarity
|
| 4 June 1972 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Angela Davis is acquitted after an international solidarity campaign
|
| 26 January 1972 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Aboriginal activists establish the Tent Embassy in Canberra
|
| 16 December 1971 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Mangrove Nine defeat the principal riot charge
|
| 16 June 1971 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
The Polynesian Panther Party is founded in Auckland
|
| 20 April 1971 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Swann ruling supports effective remedies for school segregation
|
| 8 April 1971 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The first World Romani Congress advances international Roma self-representation
|
| 15 December 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Taos Pueblo wins the return of Blue Lake lands
|
| 26 November 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Indigenous activists hold the first National Day of Mourning
|
| 29 August 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Chicano Moratorium links opposition to war with racial justice
|
| 9 August 1970 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Mangrove march protests police harassment in Notting Hill
|
| 29 July 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Delano grape growers sign contracts after the farmworkers' campaign
|
| 22 April 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Barrio Logan residents take over the site of Chicano Park
|
| 21 April 1970 |
Trinidad and Tobago
|
Racism
|
A state of emergency confronts the Black Power movement
|
| 26 February 1970 |
Trinidad and Tobago
|
Racism
|
A solidarity demonstration opens Trinidad's Black Power mobilization
|
| 4 December 1969 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police kill Black Panther organizers Fred Hampton and Mark Clark
|
| 20 November 1969 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Indians of All Tribes begin the sustained occupation of Alcatraz
|
| 1 July 1969 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
SASO is inaugurated as an independent Black student organization
|
| 30 May 1969 |
Curacao
|
Racism
|
Trinta di Mei links a labour strike to revolt against colonial inequality
|
| 11 February 1969 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Police end the Sir George Williams antiracist occupation
|
| 29 January 1969 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Students occupy Sir George Williams University over anti-Black racism
|
| 22 January 1969 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Berkeley's Third World Liberation Front launches a strike
|
| 4 January 1969 |
International
|
Racism
|
The international racial-discrimination convention enters into force
|
| 25 December 1968 |
India
|
Racism
|
Kilvenmani massacre targets a community of striking Dalit labourers
|
| 6 November 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
San Francisco State students strike for ethnic studies
|
| 25 October 1968 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Race Relations Act extends protections into housing and employment
|
| 16 October 1968 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
Smith and Carlos protest racial injustice on the Olympic podium
|
| 12 October 1968 |
Equatorial Guinea
|
Racism
|
Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain
|
| 12 May 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A Mother’s Day march advances the Poor People’s Campaign
|
| 16 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Memphis sanitation workers win a strike settlement
|
| 11 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Fair Housing Act becomes law
|
| 8 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Coretta Scott King joins the Memphis solidarity march
|
| 4 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King is assassinated while supporting Memphis workers
|
| 12 March 1968 |
Mauritius
|
Racism
|
Mauritius becomes independent from Britain
|
| 6 March 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
East Los Angeles student walkouts expand across schools
|
| 12 February 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Memphis sanitation workers begin their strike
|
| 25 August 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The FBI initiates a COINTELPRO programme targeting Black organizations
|
| 23 July 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Detroit uprising begins after a police raid
|
| 12 June 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Loving v. Virginia overturns bans on interracial marriage
|
| 27 May 1967 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
A referendum approves constitutional changes affecting Aboriginal people
|
| 28 April 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Muhammad Ali refuses military induction
|
| 4 April 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King’s Beyond Vietnam speech connects racism, poverty and war
|
| 10 January 1967 |
Bahamas
|
Racism
|
The Bahamian election opens the way to majority rule
|
| 16 December 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Security Council imposes mandatory sanctions on Rhodesia
|
| 27 October 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN terminates South Africa’s mandate over South West Africa
|
| 15 October 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Black Panther Party frames its Ten-Point Programme
|
| 4 October 1966 |
Lesotho
|
Racism
|
Lesotho gains independence from Britain
|
| 30 September 1966 |
Botswana
|
Racism
|
Botswana becomes independent
|
| 26 August 1966 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
The battle at Omugulugwombashe marks a new phase of liberation struggle
|
| 23 August 1966 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Gurindji workers and families begin the Wave Hill Walk-Off
|
| 22 August 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Farmworker organizations unite in the UFWOC
|
| 5 August 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Racist crowds attack Chicago open-housing marchers
|
| 10 July 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Chicago’s Freedom Sunday rally presses for open housing
|
| 16 June 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The call for Black Power gains a national platform in Greenwood
|
| 6 June 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
James Meredith is shot during his March Against Fear
|
| 26 May 1966 |
Guyana
|
Racism
|
Guyana becomes independent from Britain
|
| 1 April 1966 |
Senegal
|
Racism
|
The World Festival of Black Arts opens in Dakar
|
| 17 March 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Farmworkers begin their pilgrimage from Delano to Sacramento
|
| 3 January 1966 |
Cuba
|
Racism
|
The Tricontinental Conference opens in Havana
|
| 21 December 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN adopts the convention against racial discrimination
|
| 11 November 1965 |
Zimbabwe
|
Racism
|
Rhodesia’s white-minority government declares unilateral independence
|
| 8 November 1965 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Britain’s first Race Relations Act receives Royal Assent
|
| 3 October 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Immigration reform ends the national-origins quota system
|
| 16 September 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The National Farm Workers Association joins the grape strike
|
| 8 September 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Filipino farmworkers begin the Delano grape strike
|
| 11 August 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Watts uprising exposes unresolved urban inequality
|
| 6 August 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Voting Rights Act becomes law
|
| 25 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Voting-rights marchers reach Montgomery
|
| 21 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The protected Selma-to-Montgomery march begins
|
| 9 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Selma demonstrators hold the Turnaround Tuesday march
|
| 7 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police attack voting-rights marchers on Bloody Sunday
|
| 21 February 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Malcolm X is assassinated in New York
|
| 18 February 1965 |
Gambia
|
Racism
|
The Gambia becomes independent from Britain
|
| 12 February 1965 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Australian Freedom Ride leaves Sydney
|
| 2 January 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A new phase of the Selma voting-rights campaign begins
|
| 10 December 1964 |
Norway
|
Racism
|
King accepts the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of a continuing struggle
|
| 24 October 1964 |
Zambia
|
Racism
|
Zambia becomes independent from Britain
|
| 25 September 1964 |
Mozambique
|
Racism
|
FRELIMO begins its armed liberation campaign
|
| 22 August 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Fannie Lou Hamer testifies for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
|
| 6 July 1964 |
Malawi
|
Racism
|
Malawi becomes independent
|
| 2 July 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Civil Rights Act becomes law
|
| 28 June 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Organization of Afro-American Unity is launched
|
| 21 June 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner are murdered during Freedom Summer
|
| 12 June 1964 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Eight Rivonia defendants receive life sentences
|
| 20 April 1964 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Mandela presents his statement from the dock at Rivonia
|
| 3 February 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
New York families boycott segregated public schools
|
| 23 January 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Twenty-fourth Amendment is ratified
|
| 12 December 1963 |
Kenya
|
Racism
|
Kenya becomes independent from Britain
|
| 20 November 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN adopts a declaration against racial discrimination
|
| 15 September 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A racist bombing kills four girls at a Birmingham church
|
| 28 August 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The March on Washington links jobs and freedom
|
| 28 August 1963 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Bristol’s bus company announces an end to its colour bar
|
| 14 August 1963 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The first Yirrkala bark petition is tabled in Parliament
|
| 12 June 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Medgar Evers is assassinated in Mississippi
|
| 11 June 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Vivian Malone and James Hood register at the University of Alabama
|
| 25 May 1963 |
Ethiopia
|
Racism
|
African states establish the Organization of African Unity
|
| 2 May 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Young people join Birmingham’s Children’s Crusade
|
| 30 April 1963 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Bristol bus boycott begins
|
| 16 April 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King dates his Letter from Birmingham Jail
|
| 12 April 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King is arrested during the Birmingham campaign
|
| 3 April 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Birmingham campaign begins
|
| 14 December 1962 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN affirms permanent sovereignty over natural resources
|
| 6 November 1962 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN General Assembly calls for measures against apartheid
|
| 9 October 1962 |
Uganda
|
Racism
|
Uganda becomes independent from Britain
|
| 1 October 1962 |
United States
|
Racism
|
James Meredith registers at the University of Mississippi
|
| 31 August 1962 |
Trinidad and Tobago
|
Racism
|
Trinidad and Tobago becomes independent
|
| 6 August 1962 |
Jamaica
|
Racism
|
Jamaica gains independence from Britain
|
| 5 July 1962 |
Algeria
|
Racism
|
Algeria proclaims independence after colonial war
|
| 21 May 1962 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Federal voting reform removes racial exclusion from enrolment eligibility
|
| 19 March 1962 |
Algeria
|
Racism
|
The Evian ceasefire takes effect
|
| 1 January 1962 |
Samoa
|
Racism
|
Western Samoa becomes independent
|
| 16 December 1961 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Umkhonto we Sizwe publicly launches its campaign
|
| 10 December 1961 |
Norway
|
Racism
|
Albert Luthuli accepts the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize
|
| 9 December 1961 |
Tanzania
|
Racism
|
Tanganyika becomes independent
|
| 17 November 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Albany Movement forms a broad local coalition
|
| 1 November 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
New interstate bus desegregation rules take effect
|
| 17 October 1961 |
France
|
Racism
|
Paris police violently repress an Algerian demonstration
|
| 1 September 1961 |
Serbia
|
Racism
|
The first Non-Aligned summit opens in Belgrade
|
| 29 May 1961 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
A stay-at-home campaign challenges the white-minority republic
|
| 17 May 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nashville activists resume the Freedom Rides
|
| 14 May 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Racist attacks target Freedom Riders in Alabama
|
| 4 May 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Freedom Riders leave Washington to challenge interstate segregation
|
| 29 March 1961 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The remaining Treason Trial defendants are acquitted
|
| 4 February 1961 |
Angola
|
Racism
|
Angolan nationalists attack colonial prisons in Luanda
|
| 31 January 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Friendship Nine advance the jail-no-bail tactic
|
| 14 December 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN declares colonial peoples’ right to independence
|
| 14 December 1960 |
France
|
Racism
|
UNESCO adopts a convention against discrimination in education
|
| 14 November 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Ruby Bridges enters a previously white New Orleans elementary school
|
| 1 October 1960 |
Nigeria
|
Racism
|
Nigeria gains independence from British rule
|
| 25 July 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Greensboro Woolworth lunch counter desegregates
|
| 1 July 1960 |
Somalia
|
Racism
|
Independent territories unite to form the Somali Republic
|
| 30 June 1960 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
Racism
|
Congolese independence ends formal Belgian colonial sovereignty
|
| 26 June 1960 |
Madagascar
|
Racism
|
Madagascar achieves independence from French rule
|
| 6 June 1960 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Police attack an iKongo gathering at Ngquza Hill
|
| 10 May 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nashville lunch counters begin serving Black customers
|
| 6 May 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Civil Rights Act of 1960 adds voting-rights enforcement measures
|
| 27 April 1960 |
Togo
|
Racism
|
Togo gains independence from French administration
|
| 19 April 1960 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
SWAPO is founded to challenge South African rule
|
| 15 April 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Shaw University conference begins the formation of SNCC
|
| 8 April 1960 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The apartheid government bans the ANC and PAC
|
| 30 March 1960 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Philip Kgosana leads a mass march into Cape Town
|
| 21 March 1960 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Anti-pass protesters face lethal repression at Sharpeville and Langa
|
| 13 February 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nashville students launch coordinated lunch-counter sit-ins
|
| 1 February 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Four students begin the Greensboro lunch-counter sit-in
|
| 10 December 1959 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
Windhoek residents resist removal from the Old Location
|
| 3 August 1959 |
Guinea-Bissau
|
Racism
|
Colonial police kill striking workers at Pidjiguiti
|
| 26 June 1959 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
A London meeting launches the Boycott Movement
|
| 30 May 1959 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The ANC calls for a potato boycott against abusive farm labour
|
| 6 April 1959 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Africanist organizers launch the Pan Africanist Congress
|
| 3 March 1959 |
Malawi
|
Racism
|
A colonial emergency represses Nyasaland nationalist organizing
|
| 3 February 1959 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Civil rights organizers depart for an exchange in India
|
| 30 January 1959 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Claudia Jones organizes a Caribbean carnival against racist hostility
|
| 8 December 1958 |
Ghana
|
Racism
|
The All-African Peoples’ Conference links liberation movements
|
| 2 October 1958 |
Guinea
|
Racism
|
Guinea declares independence from France
|
| 12 September 1958 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Cooper v. Aaron rejects state obstruction of school desegregation
|
| 16 February 1958 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
An Adelaide conference forms the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement
|
| 18 January 1958 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Lumbee community members disrupt a Ku Klux Klan rally
|
| 26 December 1957 |
Egypt
|
Racism
|
Asian and African delegates open a peoples’ solidarity conference
|
| 25 September 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Little Rock Nine enter Central High under federal protection
|
| 9 September 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A civil rights law expands federal tools against voting discrimination
|
| 31 August 1957 |
Malaysia
|
Racism
|
The Federation of Malaya proclaims independence
|
| 17 May 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Prayer Pilgrimage presses for voting rights and desegregation
|
| 6 March 1957 |
Ghana
|
Racism
|
Ghana becomes independent after mass anticolonial organizing
|
| 10 January 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Southern organizers begin building the organization later named SCLC
|
| 7 January 1957 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Alexandra residents boycott buses over a fare increase
|
| 21 December 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Montgomery residents return to desegregated buses
|
| 5 December 1956 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Mass arrests target the Congress Alliance and lead to the Treason Trial
|
| 19 September 1956 |
France
|
Racism
|
Black writers and artists convene to challenge cultural subordination
|
| 9 August 1956 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Women march to the Union Buildings against pass laws
|
| 5 June 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Browder ruling rejects compulsory bus segregation
|
| 20 March 1956 |
Tunisia
|
Racism
|
Tunisia gains recognition of independence from France
|
| 2 March 1956 |
Morocco
|
Racism
|
France recognizes Moroccan independence after nationalist resistance
|
| 3 February 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Autherine Lucy attends classes at the University of Alabama
|
| 1 February 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black women challenge Montgomery bus segregation in federal court
|
| 1 January 1956 |
Sudan
|
Racism
|
Sudan ends Anglo-Egyptian colonial government
|
| 5 December 1955 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Montgomery residents begin a mass bus boycott
|
| 1 December 1955 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Rosa Parks resists Montgomery bus segregation
|
| 26 June 1955 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Congress of the People adopts the Freedom Charter
|
| 24 April 1955 |
Indonesia
|
Racism
|
Bandung’s communiqué joins anticolonialism with opposition to racism
|
| 18 April 1955 |
Indonesia
|
Racism
|
The Bandung Conference opens an Asian-African forum
|
| 5 March 1955 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
SACTU is formed to organize workers across racial divisions
|
| 2 March 1955 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Claudette Colvin refuses to surrender her bus seat
|
| 9 February 1955 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Police begin forced removals from Sophiatown
|
| 1 November 1954 |
Algeria
|
Racism
|
The FLN proclaims a struggle for national independence
|
| 21 July 1954 |
Vietnam
|
Racism
|
The Geneva declaration recognizes principles of sovereignty in Indochina
|
| 17 May 1954 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Families and lawyers win Brown v. Board of Education
|
| 7 May 1954 |
Vietnam
|
Racism
|
Vietnamese resistance defeats French forces at Dien Bien Phu
|
| 17 April 1954 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Women establish FEDSAW across racial divisions
|
| 19 June 1953 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black residents begin the Baton Rouge bus boycott
|
| 20 October 1952 |
Kenya
|
Racism
|
Britain declares an emergency against the Kenyan liberation struggle
|
| 17 October 1952 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The UN expands scrutiny to the whole apartheid system
|
| 26 June 1952 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Defiance Campaign begins organized violations of apartheid laws
|
| 6 April 1952 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Protesters challenge official celebrations of colonial settlement
|
| 21 February 1952 |
Bangladesh
|
Racism
|
Bengali language protesters face police killings in Dhaka
|
| 17 December 1951 |
United States
|
Racism
|
We Charge Genocide takes Black Americans’ claims to the UN
|
| 23 April 1951 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Barbara Johns leads a student strike at Moton High School
|
| 2 December 1950 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The UN identifies apartheid as racial discrimination
|
| 18 July 1950 |
France
|
Racism
|
UNESCO issues a scientific statement challenging racial myths
|
| 26 June 1950 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
A day of protest and mourning challenges repression
|
| 26 January 1950 |
India
|
Racism
|
India’s Constitution takes effect and abolishes untouchability
|
| 8 January 1950 |
Ghana
|
Racism
|
Positive Action mobilizes noncooperation against British rule
|
| 27 December 1949 |
Indonesia
|
Racism
|
The Netherlands transfers sovereignty after Indonesian resistance
|
| 17 December 1949 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The ANC adopts a Programme of Action for mass struggle
|
| 12 June 1949 |
Ghana
|
Racism
|
Nkrumah launches the Convention People’s Party
|
| 10 December 1948 |
France
|
Racism
|
The Universal Declaration sets out rights without racial distinction
|
| 9 December 1948 |
France
|
Racism
|
The UN adopts the Genocide Convention
|
| 26 July 1948 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pressure for military equality precedes Executive Order 9981
|
| 3 May 1948 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Shelley family defeats judicial enforcement of racial housing covenants
|
| 12 March 1948 |
Ghana
|
Racism
|
Colonial authorities arrest the Big Six after the Accra unrest
|
| 28 February 1948 |
Ghana
|
Racism
|
Colonial police shoot marching African veterans in Accra
|
| 4 January 1948 |
Myanmar
|
Racism
|
Burma becomes independent of British rule
|
| 15 August 1947 |
India
|
Racism
|
India achieves independence after sustained anticolonial struggle
|
| 15 April 1947 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Jackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball’s modern colour barrier
|
| 9 April 1947 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Journey of Reconciliation tests the interstate bus ruling
|
| 29 March 1947 |
Madagascar
|
Racism
|
Malagasy insurgents rise against French colonial rule
|
| 9 March 1947 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Three Doctors’ Pact commits African and Indian congresses to cooperation
|
| 8 December 1946 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The UN adopts its first resolution on discrimination against Indians
|
| 8 November 1946 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Viola Desmond refuses segregated cinema seating
|
| 12 August 1946 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
African mineworkers strike for higher wages
|
| 22 June 1946 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
India brings discriminatory treatment in South Africa before the UN
|
| 13 June 1946 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Indian passive resisters occupy a restricted site in Durban
|
| 3 June 1946 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Irene Morgan’s case defeats state segregation on interstate buses
|
| 1 May 1946 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Aboriginal pastoral workers begin the Pilbara strike
|
| 18 February 1946 |
India
|
Racism
|
Indian naval ratings strike against colonial conditions
|
| 12 February 1946 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police blind Isaac Woodard after he challenges disrespect
|
| 15 October 1945 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Manchester Pan-African Congress presses for liberation
|
| 2 September 1945 |
Vietnam
|
Racism
|
Vietnam’s independence declaration challenges colonial claims to liberty
|
| 17 August 1945 |
Indonesia
|
Racism
|
Indonesians proclaim independence after Japanese occupation
|
| 6 March 1945 |
Senegal
|
Racism
|
Survivors of Thiaroye face a colonial military trial
|
| 1 December 1944 |
Senegal
|
Racism
|
French forces massacre African veterans at Thiaroye
|
| 16 December 1943 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The ANC adopts Africans’ Claims in South Africa
|
| 9 August 1942 |
India
|
Racism
|
Arrests attempt to break the Quit India movement
|
| 8 August 1942 |
India
|
Racism
|
The Quit India resolution demands an end to British rule
|
| 7 February 1942 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Double V campaign links war abroad with freedom at home
|
| 25 June 1941 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pressure for a march wins an order against employment discrimination
|
| 9 April 1939 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial after exclusion
|
| 4 February 1939 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Cummeragunja residents walk off the reserve
|
| 6 December 1938 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
William Cooper’s delegation protests Nazi persecution
|
| 26 January 1938 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Aboriginal activists hold a Day of Mourning
|
| 25 February 1936 |
Myanmar
|
Racism
|
Expulsions trigger another student strike in Rangoon
|
| 16 December 1935 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The All-African Convention meets against segregation bills
|
| 24 September 1932 |
India
|
Racism
|
The Poona Pact changes representation for oppressed-caste voters
|
| 21 May 1930 |
India
|
Racism
|
Dharasana volunteers face police violence without retaliating
|
| 6 April 1930 |
India
|
Racism
|
Breaking the salt law at Dandi sparks wider defiance
|
| 12 March 1930 |
India
|
Racism
|
The Salt March begins against Britain’s salt monopoly
|
| 26 January 1930 |
India
|
Racism
|
Independence Day mobilization demands complete self-rule
|
| 28 December 1929 |
Samoa
|
Racism
|
New Zealand police fire on a Mau procession
|
| 3 November 1929 |
South Korea
|
Racism
|
Gwangju students resist discriminatory colonial education
|
| 28 October 1928 |
Indonesia
|
Racism
|
The Youth Pledge asserts a shared Indonesian political identity
|
| 25 December 1927 |
India
|
Racism
|
Mahad protesters burn the Manusmriti as a rejection of caste hierarchy
|
| 20 March 1927 |
India
|
Racism
|
Ambedkar and supporters claim equal access to water at Mahad
|
| 10 February 1927 |
Belgium
|
Racism
|
Anticolonial delegates meet at the Brussels congress
|
| 23 November 1925 |
India
|
Racism
|
Vaikom’s road-access campaign reaches a limited settlement
|
| 25 August 1925 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Sleeping car porters organize an independent union
|
| 2 June 1924 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Indian Citizenship Act grants citizenship without ending colonial control
|
| 30 March 1924 |
India
|
Racism
|
Vaikom protesters challenge caste-based exclusion from public roads
|
| 1 July 1923 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Chinese Canadians confront a new exclusion law
|
| 18 March 1922 |
India
|
Racism
|
Gandhi’s sedition trial turns prosecution into a critique of empire
|
| 16 March 1922 |
Kenya
|
Racism
|
Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru joins protest demanding Thuku’s release
|
| 10 March 1922 |
India
|
Racism
|
Colonial authorities arrest Gandhi for sedition
|
| 24 May 1921 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Police massacre the Israelite community at Bulhoek
|
| 5 December 1920 |
Myanmar
|
Racism
|
Students boycott colonial university arrangements in Rangoon
|
| 13 August 1920 |
United States
|
Racism
|
UNIA declares rights of Black peoples worldwide
|
| 1 August 1920 |
India
|
Racism
|
Gandhi returns imperial medals as noncooperation develops
|
| 18 June 1919 |
Vietnam; France
|
Racism
|
Vietnamese activists demand equal legal rights at the peace conference
|
| 30 May 1919 |
India
|
Racism
|
Tagore renounces his knighthood after the Amritsar massacre
|
| 4 May 1919 |
China
|
Racism
|
Beijing students protest imperial arrangements over Shandong
|
| 13 April 1919 |
India
|
Racism
|
British troops fire on civilians at Jallianwala Bagh
|
| 11 April 1919 |
South Korea; North Korea
|
Racism
|
Korean provisional leaders adopt a charter promising equality
|
| 6 April 1919 |
India
|
Racism
|
A nationwide hartal challenges the Rowlatt laws
|
| 1 April 1919 |
South Korea
|
Racism
|
Yu Gwan-sun helps lead the Aunae independence demonstration
|
| 16 March 1919 |
Egypt
|
Racism
|
Egyptian women march against British occupation
|
| 1 March 1919 |
South Korea; North Korea
|
Racism
|
Koreans declare independence and begin mass demonstrations
|
| 19 February 1919 |
France
|
Racism
|
The Pan-African Congress connects struggles against imperial rule
|
| 22 March 1918 |
India
|
Racism
|
Kheda peasants are urged to withhold land revenue
|
| 28 July 1917 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black New Yorkers march silently against racist violence
|
| 11 July 1917 |
India
|
Racism
|
The Champaran inquiry begins examining peasants’ grievances
|
| 18 April 1917 |
India
|
Racism
|
Champaran supporters accompany Gandhi’s act of civil disobedience
|
| 2 April 1916 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Police raid Rua Kēnana’s community at Maungapōhatu
|
| 9 September 1915 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Woodson helps found an association to study Black history
|
| 23 January 1915 |
Malawi
|
Racism
|
Chilembwe’s followers rise against colonial labor abuse
|
| 26 June 1914 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Indian Relief Act grants limited gains after resistance
|
| 23 May 1914 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Komagata Maru passengers challenge racially restrictive entry rules
|
| 11 November 1913 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Gandhi receives a prison sentence during mass resistance
|
| 6 November 1913 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Workers and families begin the Great March into Transvaal
|
| 16 October 1913 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Indian miners’ strike strengthens the satyagraha campaign
|
| 19 June 1913 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Natives Land Act restricts African land access
|
| 28 May 1913 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Waaihoek women resolve to refuse residential permits
|
| 25 December 1912 |
Indonesia
|
Racism
|
The Indische Partij adopts a program challenging colonial segregation
|
| 8 January 1912 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
African leaders establish the South African Native National Congress
|
| 26 July 1911 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Universal Races Congress debates racial hierarchy
|
| 22 November 1910 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Black sailors revolt against flogging in the Brazilian navy
|
| 12 February 1909 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The NAACP’s founding call mobilizes against racial violence
|
| 16 August 1908 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Indian protesters burn registration certificates
|
| 20 May 1908 |
Indonesia
|
Racism
|
Budi Utomo creates an association for education and collective advancement
|
| 11 September 1906 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Johannesburg meeting pledges resistance to registration laws
|
| 15 August 1906 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Niagara Movement holds its first US public conference
|
| 28 June 1906 |
Egypt
|
Racism
|
Public executions at Denshawai expose colonial injustice
|
| 10 June 1906 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Colonial forces crush resistance at Mome Gorge
|
| 11 July 1905 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Niagara Movement organizers demand full civil rights
|
| 2 October 1904 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
Von Trotha issues an extermination order against the Herero
|
| 12 January 1904 |
Namibia
|
Racism
|
Herero resistance confronts German colonial dispossession
|
| 12 June 1902 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Federal voting rights expand while racial exclusions remain
|
| 23 December 1901 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
The Immigration Restriction Act establishes racial exclusion
|
| 28 September 1901 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
Balangiga residents attack an American occupation garrison
|
| 23 July 1900 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Pan-African Conference opens in London
|
| 4 February 1899 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
War begins between Filipino forces and the United States
|
| 23 January 1899 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
The First Philippine Republic is inaugurated
|
| 15 September 1898 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
The Malolos Congress opens to build institutions of self-government
|
| 12 June 1898 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
Filipino revolutionaries proclaim independence from Spain
|
| 30 December 1896 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
Colonial authorities execute the reform writer José Rizal
|
| 21 July 1896 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black women create a national federation for collective action
|
| 18 May 1896 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court upholds segregation in Plessy’s case
|
| 1 March 1896 |
Ethiopia
|
Racism
|
Ethiopian forces defeat Italy at Adwa
|
| 22 August 1894 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
The Natal Indian Congress organizes against discrimination
|
| 18 May 1893 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia demands women’s political participation
|
| 7 July 1892 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
The Katipunan forms to pursue independence through revolution
|
| 3 July 1892 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
La Liga Filipina organizes mutual aid and resistance to injustice
|
| 7 June 1892 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Homer Plessy tests a segregation law
|
| 29 December 1890 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Wounded Knee massacre attacks Lakota families
|
| 13 May 1888 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
The Golden Law ends legal slavery in Brazil
|
| 16 November 1885 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canada executes Métis leader Louis Riel
|
| 12 May 1885 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Canadian troops overcome the Métis defenses at Batoche
|
| 9 May 1885 |
Canada
|
Racism
|
Métis defenders confront Canadian forces at Batoche
|
| 5 November 1881 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Colonial forces invade the peaceful settlement of Parihaka
|
| 12 May 1879 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Standing Bear wins recognition as a legal person
|
| 22 January 1879 |
South Africa
|
Racism
|
Zulu forces defeat a British invasion force at Isandlwana
|
| 5 October 1877 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Nez Perce flight ends at Bear Paw
|
| 17 February 1872 |
Philippines
|
Racism
|
Execution of Gomburza strengthens opposition to colonial discrimination
|
| 28 September 1871 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Brazil’s Free Womb Law weakens hereditary slavery
|
| 25 February 1870 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Hiram Revels becomes the first Black US senator
|
| 3 February 1870 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits racial voting exclusions
|
| 9 July 1868 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Fourteenth Amendment establishes equal protection
|
| 9 April 1866 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Congress establishes citizenship and civil rights over a veto
|
| 6 December 1865 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Thirteenth Amendment ends legal slavery with a punishment exception
|
| 31 January 1865 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Congress approves the constitutional abolition amendment
|
| 29 November 1864 |
United States
|
Racism
|
US troops massacre Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek
|
| 21 November 1863 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Rangiriri defenders are taken prisoner
|
| 20 November 1863 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Kīngitanga defenders resist the attack at Rangiriri
|
| 12 July 1863 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
British troops invade Waikato
|
| 2 June 1863 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Combahee River raid frees hundreds of enslaved people
|
| 1 January 1863 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect
|
| 22 September 1862 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The preliminary Emancipation Proclamation announces a change in war policy
|
| 16 April 1862 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Slavery ends in the US capital
|
| 27 June 1860 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Māori forces defeat a British assault at Puketakauere
|
| 17 March 1860 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Colonial troops attack Te Kohia over disputed Waitara land
|
| 2 February 1859 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Sarah Parker Remond explains slavery’s violence to British audiences
|
| 6 March 1857 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court rejects Dred Scott’s citizenship claim
|
| 3 December 1854 |
Peru
|
Racism
|
Peru abolishes slavery
|
| 2 June 1854 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Federal force returns Anthony Burns to slavery
|
| 26 May 1854 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Boston protests the capture of Anthony Burns
|
| 1 January 1852 |
Colombia
|
Racism
|
Colombia’s abolition law takes effect
|
| 1 October 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Syracuse activists free William “Jerry” Henry
|
| 11 September 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Christiana community resists slave catchers
|
| 29 May 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Sojourner Truth challenges exclusion at a women’s rights convention
|
| 21 May 1851 |
Colombia
|
Racism
|
Colombia adopts a final abolition law
|
| 15 February 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black abolitionists rescue Shadrach Minkins
|
| 11 January 1846 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
The battle at Ruapekapeka closes the Northern War
|
| 1 July 1845 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Māori defenders repel the assault at Ōhaeawai
|
| 8 May 1845 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Ngāpuhi defenses confront a British assault at Puketutu
|
| 11 March 1845 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Ngāpuhi attack Kororāreka in the Northern War
|
| 8 July 1844 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Ngāpuhi cut down the British flagstaff at Kororāreka
|
| 17 June 1843 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Ngāti Toa defend their claims at Wairau
|
| 9 March 1841 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Amistad captives win recognition of their freedom
|
| 6 February 1840 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Māori leaders sign Te Tiriti at Waitangi
|
| 18 December 1838 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Seven perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre are executed
|
| 30 November 1838 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
A second trial convicts Myall Creek perpetrators
|
| 3 September 1838 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Frederick Douglass escapes enslavement
|
| 1 August 1838 |
Caribbean,
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The apprenticeship system ends in British colonies
|
| 10 June 1838 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Settlers massacre Wirrayaraay people at Myall Creek
|
| 28 October 1835 |
New Zealand
|
Racism
|
Māori rangatira declare their independence
|
| 25 January 1835 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
African Muslim rebels rise in Salvador
|
| 28 October 1834 |
Australia
|
Racism
|
Colonial forces massacre Bindjareb people at Pinjarra
|
| 1 August 1834 |
Caribbean,
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
British colonial emancipation begins under apprenticeship
|
| 7 August 1833 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
The Commons gives the abolition bill its third reading
|
| 3 March 1832 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Worcester ruling recognizes limits on Georgia’s power
|
| 27 December 1831 |
Jamaica
|
Racism
|
A freedom strike develops into the Christmas Rebellion
|
| 21 August 1831 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nat Turner’s revolt confronts slavery in Virginia
|
| 1 January 1831 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Liberator calls for immediate abolition
|
| 28 May 1830 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Indian Removal Act enables forced dispossession
|
| 15 September 1829 |
Mexico
|
Racism
|
Vicente Guerrero decrees abolition in Mexico
|
| 16 March 1827 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Freedom’s Journal gives Black communities an independent press
|
| 18 August 1823 |
Guyana
|
Racism
|
Demerara uprising demands emancipation
|
| 24 July 1823 |
Chile
|
Racism
|
Chile decrees the abolition of slavery
|
| 14 April 1816 |
Barbados
|
Racism
|
Bussa’s rebellion challenges plantation slavery
|
| 25 March 1807 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Britain outlaws its slave trade
|
| 20 May 1805 |
Haiti
|
Racism
|
Haiti’s constitution permanently rejects slavery
|
| 1 January 1804 |
Haiti
|
Racism
|
Haiti declares independence from France
|
| 18 November 1803 |
Haiti
|
Racism
|
Haitian forces defeat the French at Vertières
|
| 7 June 1802 |
Haiti
|
Racism
|
French forces arrest Toussaint Louverture
|
| 28 May 1802 |
Guadeloupe
|
Racism
|
Delgrès and companions make their last stand at Matouba
|
| 10 May 1802 |
Guadeloupe
|
Racism
|
Delgrès resists French forces threatening emancipation
|
| 30 December 1799 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black Philadelphians petition Congress against slavery and kidnapping
|
| 8 November 1799 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Four men are executed after the Bahia Conspiracy
|
| 12 August 1798 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Bahia manifestos demand freedom and challenge racial discrimination
|
| 21 May 1796 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Ona Judge escapes from the Washington household
|
| 3 October 1795 |
Curacao
|
Racism
|
Colonial authorities execute leaders of the Curaçao revolt
|
| 17 August 1795 |
Curacao
|
Racism
|
Tula leads an uprising against slavery in Curaçao
|
| 4 February 1794 |
France
|
Racism
|
The Convention abolishes colonial slavery
|
| 29 August 1793 |
Haiti
|
Racism
|
Emancipation is proclaimed in northern Saint-Domingue
|
| 4 April 1792 |
Haiti
|
Racism
|
France recognizes citizenship for free men of color
|
| 22 August 1791 |
Haiti
|
Racism
|
Enslaved people launch the Saint-Domingue uprising
|
| 19 August 1791 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Banneker challenges Jefferson’s racial assumptions
|
| 22 May 1787 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
A British society organizes against the slave trade
|
| 12 April 1787 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Free African Society builds independent mutual aid
|
| 22 August 1781 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Elizabeth Freeman and Brom win their freedom in court
|
| 18 May 1781 |
Peru
|
Racism
|
Spanish authorities execute Túpac Amaru II and Micaela Bastidas
|
| 10 November 1780 |
Peru
|
Racism
|
Rebels execute the colonial official Arriaga
|
| 4 November 1780 |
Peru
|
Racism
|
Túpac Amaru II’s rebellion challenges colonial exploitation
|
| 1 March 1780 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pennsylvania adopts gradual abolition with major limits
|
| 15 January 1778 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
Joseph Knight defeats a claim to perpetual servitude
|
| 13 January 1777 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black petitioners confront the contradiction of American liberty
|
| 7 November 1775 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Dunmore offers conditional freedom to enslaved people
|
| 6 March 1775 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Prince Hall and companions enter Freemasonry
|
| 6 January 1773 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Enslaved petitioners demand freedom in Massachusetts
|
| 22 June 1772 |
United Kingdom
|
Racism
|
James Somerset wins protection against forced removal
|
| 23 February 1763 |
Guyana
|
Racism
|
Enslaved people launch the Berbice rebellion
|
| 19 September 1762 |
Suriname
|
Racism
|
Saamaka communities secure recognition of freedom
|
| 10 October 1760 |
Suriname
|
Racism
|
Ndyuka resistance wins a peace treaty
|
| 9 September 1739 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Stono rebels seek freedom beyond South Carolina
|
| 23 November 1733 |
United States Virgin Islands
|
Racism
|
Akwamu-led revolt begins on St John
|
| 20 November 1695 |
Brazil
|
Racism
|
Colonial forces kill Zumbi of Palmares
|
| 18 April 1688 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Germantown petition rejects racial enslavement
|
| 10 August 1680 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pueblo communities rise against Spanish colonial rule
|
| 21 December 1511 |
Dominican Republic
|
Racism
|
Montesinos challenges the enslavement of Indigenous people
|
