| 23 April 2025 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An executive order targets disparate-impact enforcement
|
| 21 January 2025 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An executive order reverses federal affirmative-action requirements
|
| 26 September 2024 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California issues a formal apology for slavery and its legacies
|
| 6 July 2024 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A sheriff's deputy kills Sonya Massey after she seeks assistance
|
| 25 July 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A national monument honours Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
|
| 29 June 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California's reparations task force delivers its final report
|
| 15 June 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court preserves Indian Child Welfare Act protections
|
| 8 June 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black voters win a Supreme Court victory in Allen v. Milligan
|
| 21 February 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Seattle's council votes to prohibit caste discrimination
|
| 7 January 2023 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Memphis officers fatally assault Tyre Nichols
|
| 20 July 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Bruce family receives the deed to Bruce's Beach
|
| 1 June 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California's reparations task force releases its interim report
|
| 14 May 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A racist mass shooting targets Buffalo's Black community
|
| 29 March 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Emmett Till Antilynching Act becomes law
|
| 22 February 2022 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A federal jury convicts Arbery's killers of hate crimes
|
| 8 September 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Virginia removes the Robert E. Lee statue in Richmond
|
| 17 June 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Juneteenth becomes a federal holiday
|
| 20 April 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A jury convicts Derek Chauvin for killing George Floyd
|
| 22 March 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Evanston approves a reparations housing programme
|
| 16 March 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Atlanta-area shootings intensify resistance to anti-Asian violence
|
| 20 January 2021 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Biden revokes discriminatory entry restrictions
|
| 30 September 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California establishes a task force to develop reparations proposals
|
| 28 August 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Commitment March links police accountability with voting rights
|
| 9 July 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
McGirt affirms the continuing reservation status of Muscogee land
|
| 28 June 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Mississippi lawmakers vote to retire the Confederate-emblem state flag
|
| 25 May 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The murder of George Floyd prompts worldwide antiracist mobilization
|
| 13 March 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Breonna Taylor is killed during a police search of her home
|
| 23 February 2020 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Ahmaud Arbery is pursued and killed in Georgia
|
| 14 August 2019 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The 1619 Project launches a debate over slavery and national history
|
| 12 August 2017 |
United States
|
Racism
|
White-supremacist violence kills Heather Heyer in Charlottesville
|
| 28 January 2017 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Lawyers win an emergency stay against removals under the entry ban
|
| 27 January 2017 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Executive Order 13769 imposes nationality-based entry restrictions
|
| 4 December 2016 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Army declines a Dakota Access Pipeline easement at Lake Oahe
|
| 1 August 2016 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Movement for Black Lives releases a collective policy platform
|
| 1 April 2016 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Sacred Stone Camp opens in resistance to the Dakota Access Pipeline
|
| 10 July 2015 |
United States
|
Racism
|
South Carolina permanently removes the Confederate battle flag from State House grounds
|
| 27 June 2015 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Bree Newsome removes the Confederate flag in an act of civil disobedience
|
| 17 June 2015 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A racist attack targets Emanuel AME Church in Charleston
|
| 22 November 2014 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police shoot twelve-year-old Tamir Rice in Cleveland
|
| 9 August 2014 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Michael Brown's killing sparks protest in Ferguson
|
| 17 July 2014 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Eric Garner dies during a police arrest in Staten Island
|
| 12 August 2013 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Floyd finds New York stop-and-frisk practices unconstitutional
|
| 13 July 2013 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Zimmerman's acquittal catalyses Black Lives Matter organizing
|
| 25 June 2013 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Shelby County invalidates the Voting Rights Act coverage formula
|
| 5 August 2012 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A white supremacist attacks the Sikh gurdwara in Oak Creek
|
| 26 February 2012 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The killing of Trayvon Martin becomes a focus of demands for justice
|
| 16 December 2010 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The United States announces support for the Indigenous rights declaration
|
| 23 April 2010 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Arizona signs SB 1070 into law
|
| 1 January 2009 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Oscar Grant is killed at Fruitvale BART station
|
| 4 November 2008 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Barack Obama is elected the first African American president
|
| 20 September 2007 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A mass march supports the Jena Six
|
| 1 May 2006 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A Day Without Immigrants demonstrates migrant collective power
|
| 21 September 2004 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Native communities join the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian
|
| 23 June 2003 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Grutter upholds a limited form of race-conscious university admission
|
| 12 April 2002 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Cincinnati agreements seek institutional police reform
|
| 26 October 2001 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The USA PATRIOT Act expands federal security powers
|
| 15 September 2001 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Balbir Singh Sodhi is killed in the post-9/11 racist backlash
|
| 7 April 2001 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The police killing of Timothy Thomas sparks a crisis in Cincinnati
|
| 4 February 1999 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police kill Amadou Diallo in New York
|
| 16 October 1995 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Million Man March brings Black collective action to Washington
|
| 8 November 1994 |
United States
|
Racism
|
California voters approve Proposition 187
|
| 16 October 1994 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A Los Angeles march challenges Proposition 187
|
| 11 February 1994 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Executive Order 12898 makes environmental justice a federal responsibility
|
| 29 April 1992 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Rodney King verdict triggers protest and unrest in Los Angeles
|
| 24 October 1991 |
United States
|
Racism
|
People of colour convene a summit on environmental justice
|
| 3 March 1991 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The videotaped beating of Rodney King exposes police violence
|
| 16 November 1990 |
United States
|
Racism
|
NAGPRA creates a legal route for Indigenous repatriation claims
|
| 10 August 1988 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Japanese American redress campaigning wins the Civil Liberties Act
|
| 20 December 1986 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Howard Beach racist attack kills Michael Griffith
|
| 2 October 1986 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act becomes law over Reagan's veto
|
| 20 January 1986 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The first federal Martin Luther King Jr. holiday honours a movement's struggle
|
| 10 April 1985 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Berkeley students begin sustained anti-apartheid campus protests
|
| 21 November 1984 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An embassy sit-in launches the Free South Africa campaign
|
| 27 August 1983 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Marchers renew demands for jobs, peace and freedom in Washington
|
| 31 March 1983 |
United States
|
Racism
|
American Citizens for Justice forms after the Vincent Chin case
|
| 23 June 1982 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Vincent Chin dies after a racist attack
|
| 17 May 1980 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The McDuffie acquittals trigger unrest in Miami
|
| 3 November 1979 |
United States
|
Racism
|
White supremacists kill five antiracist demonstrators in Greensboro
|
| 11 August 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act is approved
|
| 15 July 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Longest Walk reaches Washington
|
| 28 June 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Bakke judgment reshapes affirmative-action struggles
|
| 11 February 1978 |
United States
|
Racism
|
An Alcatraz ceremony opens the Longest Walk
|
| 4 January 1975 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act becomes law
|
| 12 February 1974 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Boldt decision affirms treaty fishing rights
|
| 27 February 1973 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Wounded Knee occupation brings treaty rights to international attention
|
| 2 November 1972 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Trail of Broken Treaties reaches Washington
|
| 4 June 1972 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Angela Davis is acquitted after an international solidarity campaign
|
| 20 April 1971 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Swann ruling supports effective remedies for school segregation
|
| 15 December 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Taos Pueblo wins the return of Blue Lake lands
|
| 26 November 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Indigenous activists hold the first National Day of Mourning
|
| 29 August 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Chicano Moratorium links opposition to war with racial justice
|
| 29 July 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Delano grape growers sign contracts after the farmworkers' campaign
|
| 22 April 1970 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Barrio Logan residents take over the site of Chicano Park
|
| 4 December 1969 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police kill Black Panther organizers Fred Hampton and Mark Clark
|
| 20 November 1969 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Indians of All Tribes begin the sustained occupation of Alcatraz
|
| 22 January 1969 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Berkeley's Third World Liberation Front launches a strike
|
| 6 November 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
San Francisco State students strike for ethnic studies
|
| 12 May 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A Mother’s Day march advances the Poor People’s Campaign
|
| 16 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Memphis sanitation workers win a strike settlement
|
| 11 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Fair Housing Act becomes law
|
| 8 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Coretta Scott King joins the Memphis solidarity march
|
| 4 April 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King is assassinated while supporting Memphis workers
|
| 6 March 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
East Los Angeles student walkouts expand across schools
|
| 12 February 1968 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Memphis sanitation workers begin their strike
|
| 25 August 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The FBI initiates a COINTELPRO programme targeting Black organizations
|
| 23 July 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Detroit uprising begins after a police raid
|
| 12 June 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Loving v. Virginia overturns bans on interracial marriage
|
| 28 April 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Muhammad Ali refuses military induction
|
| 4 April 1967 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King’s Beyond Vietnam speech connects racism, poverty and war
|
| 16 December 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Security Council imposes mandatory sanctions on Rhodesia
|
| 27 October 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN terminates South Africa’s mandate over South West Africa
|
| 15 October 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Black Panther Party frames its Ten-Point Programme
|
| 22 August 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Farmworker organizations unite in the UFWOC
|
| 5 August 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Racist crowds attack Chicago open-housing marchers
|
| 10 July 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Chicago’s Freedom Sunday rally presses for open housing
|
| 16 June 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The call for Black Power gains a national platform in Greenwood
|
| 6 June 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
James Meredith is shot during his March Against Fear
|
| 17 March 1966 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Farmworkers begin their pilgrimage from Delano to Sacramento
|
| 21 December 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN adopts the convention against racial discrimination
|
| 3 October 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Immigration reform ends the national-origins quota system
|
| 16 September 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The National Farm Workers Association joins the grape strike
|
| 8 September 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Filipino farmworkers begin the Delano grape strike
|
| 11 August 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Watts uprising exposes unresolved urban inequality
|
| 6 August 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Voting Rights Act becomes law
|
| 25 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Voting-rights marchers reach Montgomery
|
| 21 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The protected Selma-to-Montgomery march begins
|
| 9 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Selma demonstrators hold the Turnaround Tuesday march
|
| 7 March 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police attack voting-rights marchers on Bloody Sunday
|
| 21 February 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Malcolm X is assassinated in New York
|
| 2 January 1965 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A new phase of the Selma voting-rights campaign begins
|
| 22 August 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Fannie Lou Hamer testifies for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
|
| 2 July 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Civil Rights Act becomes law
|
| 28 June 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Organization of Afro-American Unity is launched
|
| 21 June 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner are murdered during Freedom Summer
|
| 3 February 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
New York families boycott segregated public schools
|
| 23 January 1964 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Twenty-fourth Amendment is ratified
|
| 20 November 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN adopts a declaration against racial discrimination
|
| 15 September 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A racist bombing kills four girls at a Birmingham church
|
| 28 August 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The March on Washington links jobs and freedom
|
| 12 June 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Medgar Evers is assassinated in Mississippi
|
| 11 June 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Vivian Malone and James Hood register at the University of Alabama
|
| 2 May 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Young people join Birmingham’s Children’s Crusade
|
| 16 April 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King dates his Letter from Birmingham Jail
|
| 12 April 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
King is arrested during the Birmingham campaign
|
| 3 April 1963 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Birmingham campaign begins
|
| 14 December 1962 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN affirms permanent sovereignty over natural resources
|
| 6 November 1962 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN General Assembly calls for measures against apartheid
|
| 1 October 1962 |
United States
|
Racism
|
James Meredith registers at the University of Mississippi
|
| 17 November 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Albany Movement forms a broad local coalition
|
| 1 November 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
New interstate bus desegregation rules take effect
|
| 17 May 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nashville activists resume the Freedom Rides
|
| 14 May 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Racist attacks target Freedom Riders in Alabama
|
| 4 May 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Freedom Riders leave Washington to challenge interstate segregation
|
| 31 January 1961 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Friendship Nine advance the jail-no-bail tactic
|
| 14 December 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The UN declares colonial peoples’ right to independence
|
| 14 November 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Ruby Bridges enters a previously white New Orleans elementary school
|
| 25 July 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Greensboro Woolworth lunch counter desegregates
|
| 10 May 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nashville lunch counters begin serving Black customers
|
| 6 May 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Civil Rights Act of 1960 adds voting-rights enforcement measures
|
| 15 April 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Shaw University conference begins the formation of SNCC
|
| 13 February 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nashville students launch coordinated lunch-counter sit-ins
|
| 1 February 1960 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Four students begin the Greensboro lunch-counter sit-in
|
| 3 February 1959 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Civil rights organizers depart for an exchange in India
|
| 12 September 1958 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Cooper v. Aaron rejects state obstruction of school desegregation
|
| 18 January 1958 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Lumbee community members disrupt a Ku Klux Klan rally
|
| 25 September 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Little Rock Nine enter Central High under federal protection
|
| 9 September 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
A civil rights law expands federal tools against voting discrimination
|
| 17 May 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Prayer Pilgrimage presses for voting rights and desegregation
|
| 10 January 1957 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Southern organizers begin building the organization later named SCLC
|
| 21 December 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Montgomery residents return to desegregated buses
|
| 5 June 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Browder ruling rejects compulsory bus segregation
|
| 3 February 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Autherine Lucy attends classes at the University of Alabama
|
| 1 February 1956 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black women challenge Montgomery bus segregation in federal court
|
| 5 December 1955 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Montgomery residents begin a mass bus boycott
|
| 1 December 1955 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Rosa Parks resists Montgomery bus segregation
|
| 2 March 1955 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Claudette Colvin refuses to surrender her bus seat
|
| 17 May 1954 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Families and lawyers win Brown v. Board of Education
|
| 19 June 1953 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black residents begin the Baton Rouge bus boycott
|
| 17 December 1951 |
United States
|
Racism
|
We Charge Genocide takes Black Americans’ claims to the UN
|
| 23 April 1951 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Barbara Johns leads a student strike at Moton High School
|
| 26 July 1948 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pressure for military equality precedes Executive Order 9981
|
| 3 May 1948 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Shelley family defeats judicial enforcement of racial housing covenants
|
| 15 April 1947 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Jackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball’s modern colour barrier
|
| 9 April 1947 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Journey of Reconciliation tests the interstate bus ruling
|
| 3 June 1946 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Irene Morgan’s case defeats state segregation on interstate buses
|
| 12 February 1946 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Police blind Isaac Woodard after he challenges disrespect
|
| 7 February 1942 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Double V campaign links war abroad with freedom at home
|
| 25 June 1941 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pressure for a march wins an order against employment discrimination
|
| 9 April 1939 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial after exclusion
|
| 25 August 1925 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Sleeping car porters organize an independent union
|
| 2 June 1924 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Indian Citizenship Act grants citizenship without ending colonial control
|
| 13 August 1920 |
United States
|
Racism
|
UNIA declares rights of Black peoples worldwide
|
| 28 July 1917 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black New Yorkers march silently against racist violence
|
| 9 September 1915 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Woodson helps found an association to study Black history
|
| 12 February 1909 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The NAACP’s founding call mobilizes against racial violence
|
| 15 August 1906 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Niagara Movement holds its first US public conference
|
| 21 July 1896 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black women create a national federation for collective action
|
| 18 May 1896 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court upholds segregation in Plessy’s case
|
| 7 June 1892 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Homer Plessy tests a segregation law
|
| 29 December 1890 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Wounded Knee massacre attacks Lakota families
|
| 12 May 1879 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Standing Bear wins recognition as a legal person
|
| 5 October 1877 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Nez Perce flight ends at Bear Paw
|
| 25 February 1870 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Hiram Revels becomes the first Black US senator
|
| 3 February 1870 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits racial voting exclusions
|
| 9 July 1868 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Fourteenth Amendment establishes equal protection
|
| 9 April 1866 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Congress establishes citizenship and civil rights over a veto
|
| 6 December 1865 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Thirteenth Amendment ends legal slavery with a punishment exception
|
| 31 January 1865 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Congress approves the constitutional abolition amendment
|
| 29 November 1864 |
United States
|
Racism
|
US troops massacre Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek
|
| 2 June 1863 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Combahee River raid frees hundreds of enslaved people
|
| 1 January 1863 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect
|
| 22 September 1862 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The preliminary Emancipation Proclamation announces a change in war policy
|
| 16 April 1862 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Slavery ends in the US capital
|
| 6 March 1857 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Supreme Court rejects Dred Scott’s citizenship claim
|
| 2 June 1854 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Federal force returns Anthony Burns to slavery
|
| 26 May 1854 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Boston protests the capture of Anthony Burns
|
| 1 October 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Syracuse activists free William “Jerry” Henry
|
| 11 September 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Christiana community resists slave catchers
|
| 29 May 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Sojourner Truth challenges exclusion at a women’s rights convention
|
| 15 February 1851 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black abolitionists rescue Shadrach Minkins
|
| 9 March 1841 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Amistad captives win recognition of their freedom
|
| 3 September 1838 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Frederick Douglass escapes enslavement
|
| 3 March 1832 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Worcester ruling recognizes limits on Georgia’s power
|
| 21 August 1831 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Nat Turner’s revolt confronts slavery in Virginia
|
| 1 January 1831 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Liberator calls for immediate abolition
|
| 28 May 1830 |
United States
|
Racism
|
The Indian Removal Act enables forced dispossession
|
| 16 March 1827 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Freedom’s Journal gives Black communities an independent press
|
| 30 December 1799 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black Philadelphians petition Congress against slavery and kidnapping
|
| 21 May 1796 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Ona Judge escapes from the Washington household
|
| 19 August 1791 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Banneker challenges Jefferson’s racial assumptions
|
| 12 April 1787 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Free African Society builds independent mutual aid
|
| 22 August 1781 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Elizabeth Freeman and Brom win their freedom in court
|
| 1 March 1780 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pennsylvania adopts gradual abolition with major limits
|
| 13 January 1777 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Black petitioners confront the contradiction of American liberty
|
| 7 November 1775 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Dunmore offers conditional freedom to enslaved people
|
| 6 March 1775 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Prince Hall and companions enter Freemasonry
|
| 6 January 1773 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Enslaved petitioners demand freedom in Massachusetts
|
| 9 September 1739 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Stono rebels seek freedom beyond South Carolina
|
| 18 April 1688 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Germantown petition rejects racial enslavement
|
| 10 August 1680 |
United States
|
Racism
|
Pueblo communities rise against Spanish colonial rule
|
